tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80122525678031606032024-02-19T16:54:52.185-08:00Instrumentation and Control EngineeringHari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comBlogger171125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-74427225098258527342014-03-10T04:21:00.000-07:002014-03-10T04:21:28.158-07:00Anna university B.E Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Syllabus <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
B.E Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Syllabus<br />
<br />
Anna University of Technology<br />
<br />
3rd to 8th Semester Curriculam and Syllabus<br />
<br />
Download here : <a href="http://www.autmdu.ac.in/syllabus/ELECTRONICS%20AND%20INSTRUMENTATION%20ENGINEERING3_8.pdf">http://www.autmdu.ac.in/syllabus/ELECTRONICS%20AND%20INSTRUMENTATION%20ENGINEERING3_8.pdf</a><br />
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Use the comment section to contact me.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-68717331994075758572013-09-03T09:14:00.004-07:002013-09-03T09:14:43.623-07:00INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS(PART 6)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b>PART 6</b></u></div>
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1. How can level control be installed in steam drum for measuring the level of steam drum?<br />
2. What is ultrasonic flowmeter?<br />
3. Differentiate between ultrasonic flowmeter and radar type flow meter.<br />
4. What is the use of temprature compensation?<br />
5. What is modbus?<br />
6. How signals can be taken through modbus?<br />
7. How earthing can be checked?<br />
8. How many ohms are required for proper earthing?<br />
9. Explain signal isolator.<br />
10. Which wiring connection is preferred in motor for industrial use?<br />
11. What do you mean by trim?<br />
12. How DP Transmitter can be calibrated for crude application in floating roof tank?<br />
13. What is the principle of capacitance type level transmitter?<br />
14. How process line mpm calculation is done?<br />
15. Explain PLC Level and its type?<br />
16. What is procedure on mmwc in to tph?<br />
17. How an rtd work, and what volts/current goes to a RTD to measure the resistance?<br />
18. What is consistency transmitter and describe its working?<br />
19. How to calculate MMWC values into tonnes?<br />
20. How can I make calculation to Install level transmitter (DP) for open tank and close tank?<br />
21. What is difference between DO and DI?<br />
22. What is loop1 and loop2 in MTS LT?<br />
23. How to calibration a control valve?<br />
24. What is dry leg calibration and where is it used?<br />
25. How flow can be measured with dp?<br />
26. Why MMWC unit is used?<br />
27. How HART protocol can be connected with control valves?<br />
28. What is the meaning of slope in PH transmeter?<br />
29. What is Difference between PLC and CNC?<br />
30. If we have 450 mm height boiler drum level, so what is span & zero value for a dpt transmitter?<br />
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<b>If you have any doubts or need of any notes ask me by using the comment box....</b></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-24954874684406804572013-08-30T01:59:00.000-07:002013-08-30T01:59:22.681-07:00INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS(PART 5)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>PART 5</b></div>
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<b>1.What is furnace draft control?</b><br />
Balanced draft boilers are generally used negative furnace pressure. When both forced draft and induced draft are used together, at some point in the system the pressure will be same as that of atmosphere. Therefore the furnace pressure must be negative to prevent hot gas leakage. Excessive vacuum in the furnace however produces heat losses through air infiltration. The most desirable condition is that the one have a very slight negative pressure of the top of furnace.<br />
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<b>2.What is intrinsically safe system?</b><br />
Intrinsic safety is a technique for designing electrical equipment for safe use in locations made hazardous by the presence of flammable gas or vapours in the air. Intrinsically safe circuit is one in which any spark or thermal effect produce either normally or under specified fault conditions is incapable of causing ignition of a specified gas or vapour in air mixture at the most ignited concentration.<br />
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<b>3.What is zener diode? What is voltage regulator?</b><br />
The breakdown region of a p-n diode can be made very sharp and almost vertical diodes with almost vertical breakdown region are known a s zener diodes. A zener diode operating in the breakdown region is equivalent to a battery. Because of this current through zener diode can change but the voltage remains constant. It is this constant voltage that has made the zener diode an important device in voltage regulation.<br />
Voltage regulator: The output remains constant despite changes in the input voltage due to zener effect.<br />
<br />
<b>4.What is force balance principle? State some of its’ advantages?</b><br />
Force balance principle: A controller which generates an output signal by opposing torque. The input force is applied on the input bellows which moves the beam. This crackles nozzle back pressure. The nozzle back pressure is sensed by the balancing bellows which brings the beam to balance. The baffle movement is very less about 0.002 for full scale output.<br />
<b>Advantages:</b><br />
1. Moving parts are fewer.<br />
2. Baffle movement is negligible<br />
3. Frictional losses are less<br />
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<b>5.What is motion balance principle?</b><br />
A controller which generates an output signal by motion of its parts. The increase in the baffle is to move towards the nozzle. The nozzle back pressure will increase. This increase in the back pressure acting on the balancing bellows, will expand the bellows. The nozzle is moved upward due to this. The nozzle will move until motion almost equals the input baffle motion.<br />
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<b>6.How will you test a transistor with a multimeter?</b><br />
1. Emitter +ve of meter and base -ve output =Low resistance<br />
2. Emitter -ve of meter and base +ve output =High resistance<br />
3. Collector +ve and base -ve output =Low<br />
4. Collector -ve and base +ve output =Low<br />
Emitter: Collector = High resistance<br />
PNP: Opposite Results<br />
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<b>7.Explain ratio control system?</b><br />
A ratio control system is characterized by the fact that variations in the secondary variable don’t reflect back on the primary variable. A ratio control system is the system where secondary flow is hold in some proportion to a primary uncontrollable flow.<br />
If we assume that the output of a primary transmitter is A. and the output of the secondary transmitter is B, and that the multiplication factor of the ratio relay is K, then for equilibrium conditions which means set valve is equal to measured valve, we find the following relation:<br />
KA-B=0 or B/A = K where ‘K’ is the ratio setting off the relay.<br />
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<b>8.What is solenoid valve? Where it is used?</b><br />
A solenoid is electrically operated valve. It consists of solenoid coil in which magnetic plunger moves. This plunger is connected to the plug and tends to open or close the valve. There are two types of solenoid valves:<br />
1. Normally Open<br />
2. Normally closed<br />
Use: It is used for safety purpose in different electric work<br />
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<b>If you have any doubts or need of any notes ask me by using the comment box... </b></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-48329528697845002202013-08-29T05:58:00.002-07:002013-08-29T05:58:31.633-07:00INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS(PART 4)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>PART 4</b></div>
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<b>1.What is the use of single seated valve?</b><br />
The single seated valve is used on smaller sizes where an absolute shut off is required. The use of single seated valve is limited by pressure drop across the valve in the closed or almost closed position.<br />
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<b>2.What is the use of double seated valve?</b><br />
In double seated valves the upward and downward forces on the plug due to reduction of fluid pressure are nearly equalized. It is generally used on bigger size valves and high pressure systems. Actuator forces required are less.<br />
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<b>3.What is the use of valve positioner?</b><br />
Valve positioner can be used for following reasons:<br />
1. Quick action<br />
2. Valve hysterisis<br />
3. Viscous liquids<br />
4. Split range.<br />
5. Line pressure changes on valve<br />
6. Bench set not standard<br />
7. Reverse valve operations<br />
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<b>4.What are primary elements of measuring pressure? Which type of pressure can be measured by these elements?</b><br />
Primary elements of measuring pressure are:<br />
1. Bourdon Tube<br />
2. Diaphragm<br />
3. Capsule<br />
4. Bellows<br />
5. Pressure springs<br />
These elements are known as elastic deformation pressure elements.<br />
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<b>5.Name different types of bourdon tubes?</b><br />
Types of bourdon tubes:<br />
1. C type<br />
2. Spiral<br />
3. Helix<br />
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<b>6.What are different types of control valves?</b><br />
The commonly used control valves can be defined as follows:<br />
<b>a. Depending on Action:</b><br />
Depending on action there are two types of control valves<br />
1. Air to close <br />
2. Air to close<br />
<b>b. Depending on body:</b><br />
Depending on body there are 4 types of control valves<br />
1. Globe valves single or double seated<br />
2. Angle valves<br />
3. Butterfly valves<br />
4. Three way valves<br />
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<b>If you have any doubts or need of any notes ask me by using the comment box... </b></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-6216914596648889412013-08-26T23:51:00.000-07:002013-08-26T23:51:18.672-07:00INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS(PART 3)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>PART 3</b></div>
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<b>1.How is automatic reference junction compensation carried out in temperature recorders?</b><br />
In automatic reference junction compensation, variable nickel resistor is used. As the temperature changes, so does its resistance. This reference junction compensator is located, so that it will be at the temperature of the reference junction. The reference junction is at the poset where the dissimilar wire of the thermocouple is rejoined. This joint is invariably at the terminal strip of the instrument.<br />
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<b>2.What are de-saturators?</b><br />
When, in some processes, e.g. batch processes, long transient responses are expected during which a sustained deviation is present the controller integral action continuously drives the output to a minimum or maximum value. This phenomenon is called ‘integral saturation of the control unit’. When this condition is met, then this unit is de-saturated.<br />
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<b>3.Explain the working of Rota meter.</b><br />
Variable area meters are special form of head meters. Where in the area of flow restrictor is varied. So as to hold the differential pressure constant. The rota meter consists of a vertical tapered tube through which the metered fluid flows in upward direction. As the flow varies the ‘float’ rises or falls to vary the area of the passages that the differential across it balances the gravitational force on the ‘float’. The differential pressure is maintained constant. The position of the ‘float’ is the measure of the rate of flow.<br />
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<b>4.What is the working principle of the magnetic meter?</b><br />
An electric potential is developed when a conductor is moved across the magnetic field. In most electrical machinery the conductor is a wire. The principle is equally applicable to a moving, electrically conductive liquid. The primary device of commercial magnetic meters consist of straight cylindrical electrically insulated tube with a pair of electrodes nearly flush with the tube walls and located at opposite end of a tube diameter. This device is limited to electrically conducting liquids. The magnetic meter is particularly suited to measurement of slurries and dirty fluids.<br />
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<b>5.Explain the mechanism behind the turbine meter?</b><br />
Turbine meters consist of straight flow tube within which a turbine or fan is free to rotate about it s axis which is fixed along g the centre line of the tube. Mostly, a magnetic pick up system senses the rotation of the rotor through the tube walls. The turbine meter is a flow rate device<br />
, since the rotor speed is directly proportional to the flow rate. The output is usually in the form of electric pulses from the magnetic pick up with a frequency proportional to the flow rate.<br />
<br />
<b>6.How would you choose differential range?</b><br />
The most common range for differential range for liquid measurement is 0-100. This range is high enough to minimize the errors caused by unequal heads in the seal chambers. It is also dependent on the differences in the temperature of the load lines. The 100 range permits an increased in capacity up to 400. While decrease down up to 20 by merely changing the range tubes or range adjustments.<br />
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<b>If you have any doubts ask me by using the comment box... </b></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-6216576919405481592013-08-22T23:50:00.002-07:002013-08-22T23:50:43.114-07:00INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (PART 2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>PART 2</b></div>
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<b>1. How D.P. transmitter can be applied to close tank?</b><br />
In closed tank, bottom of the tank is connected to the high pressure side of the transmitter. Top of tank is connected to the lower pressure side of the transmitter. In this way vessel pressure can be measured.<br />
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<b>2. How D.P. transmitter can be applied to open tank?</b><br />
In open tank the lower pressure side is vented to the atmosphere. All pressure is applied to the high pressure side. This vessel pressure is measured through high pressure side.<br />
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<b>3. Explain the working of an electronic level troll?</b><br />
The variation in level of buoyancy resulting from a change in liquid level varies the net weight of the displacer increasing or decreasing the load on the torque arm. This change is directly proportional to change in level and specific gravity of the liquid. The resulting torque tube movement varies the angular motion of the rotor in RVDT providing a rotor change proportional to the rotor displacement, which is converted and amplified to a D.C. current.<br />
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<b>4. Explain the working of an enraf level gauge?</b><br />
Enraf level gauge is based on the ser powered null balance technique. A displacer serves as continuous level sensing element. A two phase ser motor controlled by a capacitive balance system winds unwinds the the measuring wire until the tension in the weight springs is in balance with the weight of the displaced part immersed in the liquid. The sensing system in balance measures the two capacitance formed by the moving central sensing rod provided by the two capacitor plates and the si plates.<br />
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<b>5. What is the constant voltage unit?</b><br />
The constant voltage circuit consists of a rectifier, CR and a filter capacitor. It is followed by two stages of zener regulation. Abridge configuration is provided to lamp line voltage zener regulation. Regulation 1 and regulation 2 provides relatively provide constant current. Resistors form a bridge that may remoment line voltage effects.<br />
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<b>6. Explain the burnout feature.</b><br />
Burnout provides the warnsug feature of driving indicator at the end of scale, if the input circuit is open. A burnout resistor is provided which develops a voltage drop between the measuring circuit and amplifier. The polarity of the signal determines the direction of the servo drive upon an open circuit in the input.<br />
Upscale burnout: R value 10 M<br />
Downscale burnout: R value 22 M<br />
<br />
<b>7. Why thermo wells are used? What materials are used in thermo wells?</b><br />
In numerous applications, it is neither desirable nor practical to expose a temperature sensor directly to a material. Wells are therefore used to protect against damage corresion, arosion, aborsion and high pressure processes. A thermo well is also useful in protecting a sensor from physical damage during handling and normal operations.<br />
Materials used in thermo wells: Stainless steel, Inconel, Monel, Alloy Steel, Hastelloy.<br />
<br />
<b>If you have any doubts ask me by using the comment box </b>....</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-16266441230069598802013-08-10T00:54:00.000-07:002013-08-10T00:54:18.415-07:00 IMPORTANT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING(PART 1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hello Friends, here i am posting about important interview part 1 questions which are mostly asked by the all core companies like HONEYWELL, SOLITONTECH , MAHINDRA SATYAM , L&T etc. So please make use of it. All the best!!!<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>PART 1</b></div>
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<b>QUESTIONS:</b></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>What are different types of orifice plates? State their uses.</li>
<li>How do you identify an orifice in the pipeline?</li>
<li>Why is the orifice tab provided?</li>
<li>Explain Bernoulli’s theorem. State its application.</li>
<li>How can a D.P. transmitter be calibrated?</li>
<li>How is flow measured in square root?</li>
<li>Name different parts of a pressure gauge. Explain the use of hair spring in the pressure gauge.</li>
</ol>
<b>ANSWERS:</b></div>
<b>1. What are different types of orifice plates? State their uses.</b><br />
Different orifice plates are:<br />
1. Concentric<br />
2. Segmental<br />
3. Eccentric<br />
<b> Concentric:</b> These plates are used for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam service. Concentric holes are present in these plates, thats why it is known as concentric orifice.<br />
<b> Segmental:</b> This plate has hole in the form of segment of the circle. This plate is used for colloidal and sherry flow measurement.<br />
<b>Eccentric:</b> This plate has the eccentric holes. This plate is used in viscous and sherry flow measurement.<br />
<br />
<b>2. How do you identify an orifice in the pipeline?</b><br />
An orifice tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends out of the line giving an indication of the orifice plate.<br />
<br />
<b>3.Why is the orifice tab provided?</b><br />
Following reasons justify for providing orifice tab:<br />
1. Indication of orifice plate in a line<br />
2. The orifice diameter is marked on it.<br />
3. The material of the orifice plate.<br />
4. The tag number of the orifice plate.<br />
5. To mark the inlet of an orifice.<br />
<br />
<b>4. Explain Bernoulli’s theorem. State its application?</b><br />
Bernoulli’s theorem states that the ‘total energy of a liquid flowing from one point to another remains constant’. It is applicable for non-compressible liquids. For different types of liquid flow Bernoulli’s equation changes. There is direct proportion between speed of fluid and its dynamic pressure and its kinetic energy. It can be used in various real life situations like measuring pressure on aircraft wing and calibrating the airspeed indicator. It can also be used to low pressure in the venturi tubes present in carburetor.<br />
<br />
<b>5. How can a D.P. transmitter be calibrated?</b><br />
D.P. transmitter can be calibrated using following steps:<br />
1. Adjust zero of Xmtrs.<br />
2. Perform static pressure test: Give equal pressure on both sides of transmitter. Zero should not shift either side. If the zero shifts then carry out static alignment.<br />
3. Perform vacuum test: Apply equal vacuum to both the sides. Zero should not shift.<br />
4. Calibration procedure: Give 20 psi air supply to the transmitter and vent L.P. side to atmosphere. Connect output of the instrument to the standard test gauge. Adjust zero. Apply required pressure to the high pressure side and adjust the span. Adjust zero gain if necessary.<br />
<br />
<b>6. How is flow measured in square root?</b><br />
Flow varies directly as the square root of pressure. Thus, F=K of square root of applied pressure. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure. The pressure pen does not directly indicate flow. Thus flow can be determined by taking the square root of the pen. Assume the pen reads 50% of the chart. So, flow can be calculated using the pen measure in the chart.<br />
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<b>7. Name different parts of a pressure gauge. Explain the use of hair spring in the pressure gauge.</b><br />
Pressure gauge includes following components:<br />
1. ‘C’ type bourdon tube.<br />
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2. Connecting link3. Sector gear<br />
4. Pinion Gear<br />
5. Hair spring<br />
6. Pointer<br />
7. Dial<br />
<b>Use of hair spring:</b> Hair spring is responsible for controlling torque. It is also used to eliminate any play into linkages.<br />
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<b>If you have any doubts ask me by using the comment box. </b></div>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-47948548316286064442013-08-09T01:22:00.000-07:002013-08-09T01:22:51.655-07:00JOBS IN L&T(LARSEN AND TOUBRO)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b> </b> <br />
Hello Friends, i am posting about immediate job openings in mnc company for instrumentation engineers and electrical engineers. For 2012 batches and also 2013 passed out candidates also apply. So please hurry up!!!!All the best<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img height="393" id="irc_mi" src="http://www.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period1/2013/02/01/Photos/L&T1--621x414.JPG" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="590" /> </div>
<b>opening job for L&T company mumbai only 2012-2013 candidate:</b><br />
<b>Apply to this job</b>:<br />
<b>Role:</b>Instrumentation Engineer<br />
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<b>No. of vacancies: </b>10+<br />
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Near Azad College USB/Atulya Careerline,<br />
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Aurangabad-431001<br />
MOB-9730308819<br />
<b> If you have any questions related in instrumentation, use the comment box and ask me.</b></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-83218820282457615842013-08-08T02:37:00.003-07:002013-08-08T02:37:28.744-07:00FINAL YEAR ENGINEERING PROJECTS FOR ICE & EIE STUDENTS:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hello friends, i am publishing various project ideas for ICE and EIE students related to electronics from basic level to advanced level for electronics and instrumentation students. Here i am discussed about many concepts related to embedded, electrical, robotics, communication, solar and many other technologies.<br />
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<img class="rg_i" data-src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFt3_PIdFxrGOB3AHt-G5xDPAwnUruv80bhRc3wZYCHukiVIZ_" data-sz="f" name="zDdn5t6pcQ0FdM:" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFt3_PIdFxrGOB3AHt-G5xDPAwnUruv80bhRc3wZYCHukiVIZ_" style="height: 144px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: 351px;" /></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
List Of Projects Ideas for Engineering Students:</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Propeller display of Time / Message</li>
<li> Vehicle tracking By GPS – GSM</li>
<li> Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources: Solar, Mains, Generator & Inverter to Ensure No Break Power </li>
<li>Ultra Fast Acting Electronic Circuit Breaker </li>
<li>Automatic Irrigation System on Sensing Soil Moisture Content </li>
<li>Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays and Adjustable Electronic Timer for Induction Motor </li>
<li>Programmable Switching Control for Industrial Automation in Repetitive Nature of Work</li>
<li>Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patients</li>
<li>Precise Digital Temperature Control </li>
<li>Optimum Energy Management System</li>
<li>Security System Using Smart card Technology</li>
<li>Line Following Robotic Vehicle </li>
<li>TV Remote Operated Domestic Appliances Control </li>
<li>Password Based Circuit Breaker </li>
<li>Programmable Load Shedding Time Management for Utility Department </li>
<li>Object Detection by Ultrasonic Means</li>
<li>Tampered Energy Meter Information Conveyed to Concerned Authority by Wireless Communication </li>
<li>Distance Measurement by Ultrasonic Sensor</li>
<li>Portable Programmable Medication Reminder </li>
<li>Programmable Energy Meter for Electrical Load Survey</li>
<li>Networking of Multiple Microcontrollers</li>
<li>SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) for Remote Industrial Plant</li>
<li>Movement Sensed Automatic Door Opening System</li>
<li>Pick N Place with Soft Catching Gripper</li>
<li>Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle</li>
<li>War Field Spying Robot with Night Vision Wireless Camera</li>
<li>Integrated Energy Management System Based on GSM Protocol with Acknowledgement Feature </li>
<li>Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator </li>
<li>Display of Dialed Telephone Numbers on Seven Segment Displays </li>
<li>Non Contact Tachometer </li>
<li>Line Following Robotic Vehicle Using Microcontroller</li>
<li>Auto Selection of Any Available Phase, in 3 Phase Supply System </li>
<li>Life Cycle Testing of Electrical Loads by Down Counter</li>
<li>GSM Based Energy Meter Reading with Load Control</li>
<li>Stamp Value Calculator for Postage Needs</li>
<li>Railway Track Security System</li>
<li>Thermistor Based Temperature Control </li>
<li>Electronic Eye Controlled Security System </li>
<li>Fastest Finger Press Quiz Buzzer </li>
<li>Speed Checker to Detect Rash Driving on Highways </li>
<li>Home Automation Using Digital Control </li>
<li>Intelligent Overhead Tank Water Level Indicator</li>
<li>Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries </li>
<li>Pre Stampede Monitoring and Alarm System </li>
<li>Touch Screen Based Home Automation System </li>
<li>Speed Checker to Detect Rash Driving on Highways </li>
<li>RF Based Home Automation System</li>
<li>Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle </li>
<li>Auto Metro Train to Shuttle Between Stations </li>
<li>Touch Screen Based Remote Controlled Robotic Vehicle for Stores Management </li>
<li>Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle</li>
<li>RFID Based Passport Details</li>
<li>Beacon Flasher Using Microcontroller </li>
<li>IR Controlled Robotic Vehicle </li>
<li>Automatic Bell System for Institutions </li>
<li>Cell Phone Controlled Robotic Vehicle</li>
<li>RFID Based Device Control and Authentication Using PIC Microcontroller </li>
<li>Solar Energy Measurement System</li>
</ol>
Those are the top IEEE projects for instrumentation and electrical branches. So please make use of it. If you have any doubts ask me by using the comment box. <br />
<ol style="text-align: left;"></ol>
<ol style="text-align: left;"></ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-7718272860278446182013-08-05T21:13:00.000-07:002019-10-28T01:23:29.051-07:00Freshers Vacancy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAU2zV-_MkB2HhnXxSi5Bk9ICw-H5v8nbuPLQVI1lMNj6jPOeYuEE8zRsQI3_fn6GppTUPkLsxPyH2NmtbEWyOa_rP1pDTHiLJxjoAEvpx-wbmyGLxBKj1GTF0XJ9mg2u5VEx_MKN6SoE/s1600/10429282_770658969683825_5535482235578135714_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAU2zV-_MkB2HhnXxSi5Bk9ICw-H5v8nbuPLQVI1lMNj6jPOeYuEE8zRsQI3_fn6GppTUPkLsxPyH2NmtbEWyOa_rP1pDTHiLJxjoAEvpx-wbmyGLxBKj1GTF0XJ9mg2u5VEx_MKN6SoE/s1600/10429282_770658969683825_5535482235578135714_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>Cognizant Hiring 2012, 2013, 2014 & 2015 </b><br />
Batch
Online Apply Link Here===>> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.freshersvacancy.net/…/cognizant-hiring-freshers-…</span><br />
Job Role : Project Associate<br />
Job Location : Across India<br />
Experience : Freshers<br />
<b>If you have any questions related in instrumentation and jobs, use the comment box and ask me.</b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06901010103857219579noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-71638461339511471312013-07-25T00:00:00.000-07:002013-07-25T08:40:01.557-07:00Immediate Opening In Videcon Company For Instrumentation Engineers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Friends, i am posting about immediate opening in videcon company for instrumentation engineers and electronics engineers. For 2012 batches and also 2013 passed out candidates also apply. So please hurry up!!!!All the best<br />
<br />
<b>Urgent opening for VIDECON LTD BE(EEE,ECE,EE)fresher 2011-13</b><br />
Apply to this job<br />
<b>Role:</b><br />
Electronics / Instrumentation Engineer<br />
<b>Experience:</b><br />
0 To 1 Years<br />
<b>Job Type:</b><br />
Full Time<br />
<b>Job location:</b><br />
Pune / Ahmedabad / Gandhinagar<br />
<b>Basic/UG qualification:</b><br />
B.E/B.Tech<br />
<b>PG Qualification: </b><br />
<b> </b>M.Tech<br />
<b>Key skills:</b><br />
GET<br />
<b>No. of vacancies:</b><br />
<b> </b>10+<br />
<b>Company name: *VIDECON LTD</b><br />
Contact person: 9730308819<br />
<b>Address: </b><br />
Near Azad College USB/Atulya Careerline,Rozabagh Aurangabad-431001<br />
MOB-9730308819<br />
Atulya Careerline<br />
Riyaj-9730308819<br />
<a href="http://pune.click.in/classified/jobs/engineering-jobs/urgent-opening-videcon-ltd-beeeeeceeefresher-6002517.html" target="_blank">APPLY NOW: </a><br />
If you have any questions related in instrumentation, use the comment box and ask me.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-74151447640308637552013-07-24T02:08:00.000-07:002013-07-24T02:37:51.741-07:00Internships Program For Instrumentation Engineers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Friends, i am posting a internships program for instrumentation engineers, and final year students who are looking for a company project with internship program. So please make use of it.<br />
<img height="316" id="irc_mi" src="http://www.blastmedia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/internship-pic-resize.jpeg" style="margin-top: 39px;" width="562" /><br />
<b>Internships @ Solitontech | A Bangalore based Company</b><br />
<br />
<b>What is this program about?</b><br />
At Soliton, they are constantly working on challenging engineering projects and development activities in various cutting edge technologies. Through their internship program they invite undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D engineering students from reputed universities across the globe to come and be a part of this exciting work and apply the theory that has been learned in school to develop innovative solutions for real world applications. The student gets a chance to work closely with practicing engineers in Machine Vision, Computer Vision & LabVIEW during their internship at Soliton. This work (excluding any confidential portions) may be submitted to the college as the student's final semester project or masters research thesis.<br />
<br />
<b>What are the technologies that you can work on?</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Computer Vision</li>
<li> Machine Vision </li>
<li>Artificial Intelligence</li>
<li>Machine Learning</li>
<li> Automation </li>
<li>DSP, FPGA</li>
<li> LabVIEW.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Interesting? So, who can apply?</b><br />
Students who are pursuing UG, PG & Ph.D courses in engineering can apply for an internship at Soliton. For UG, a minimum of 4 semesters should have been completed.<br />
<br />
<b>When & how should you apply?</b><br />
Internships at Soliton are open all days across the year. Drop in a mail at internships@solitontech.com with your resume. They will respond with suitable project titles for which the applicant has to do some preliminary research and submit a brief proposal. The resume, proposal, and references will be used for the selection process.<br />
<a href="http://yourinstrumentation.blogspot.in/2012/06/internships-solitontech-bangalore-based.html" target="_blank">APPLY NOW:</a><br />
If you have any questions related in instrumentation, use the comment box and ask me.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-61541890564004320662013-07-23T06:20:00.000-07:002013-07-24T00:01:38.085-07:00Jobs for instrumentation freshers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Friends, i am posting jobs for instrumentation freshers with high salary. So please make use of it. All the best.<br />
<br />
<b>Instrumentation Engineer, Instrumentation Design Engineer</b><br />
<b>by PGL INDIA in Pune, Chandigarh, Faridabad</b><br />
Experience: 0 to 5 yrs. | Salary: INR 6,00,000 - 11,00,000 P.A | Opening(s): 87 <br />
<b>Job Description:</b><br />
instrumentation engineer, instrumentation design engineer<br />
<b>Salary:</b><br />
INR 6,00,000 - 11,00,000 P.A<br />
<b>Industry:</b><br />
Consumer Electronics / Appliances / Durables<br />
<b>Functional Area:</b><br />
Engineering Design, R&D<br />
<b>Role Category:</b><br />
Engineering Design<br />
<b>Role:</b><br />
Senior Design Engineer<br />
<b>Keyskills:</b><br />
instrumentation engineer, instrumentation design engineer, design manager, structural design engineer, cad engineer, autocad, electrical design engineer, mechanical design engineer, electrical designer, instructional design, mechanical engineer<br />
Desired Candidate Profile Education:<br />
(UG - Any Graduate - Any Specialization, Graduation Not Required) AND (PG - Any Postgraduate - Any Specialization, Post Graduation Not Required) AND ( Doctorate - Any Doctorate - Any Specialization, Doctorate Not Required)<br />
Please refer to the Job description above<br />
Company Profile<br />
PGL INDIA<br />
PGL an ISO 9001:2000 Company Manufacturing Electronics and Home Appliances Products.<br />
<a href="http://jobsearch.naukri.com/job-listings-Instrumentation-Engineer-Instrumentation-Design-Engineer-PGL-INDIA-Pune-Chandigarh-Faridabad-0-to-5-150812000259?xz=1_0_3&xo=&xp=4&xid=137450129260340600&qjt=&qp=instrumentation+engineer&id=&f=-150812000259" target="_blank">APPLY NOW</a><br />
If you have any questions related in instrumentation, use the comment box and ask me.<br />
<br /></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-61122260100086897302013-07-22T07:39:00.000-07:002013-07-22T07:39:12.722-07:00Urgent requirement for instrumentation engineers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Friends, i am posting a <b>jobs for instrumentation engineers in Thermal power plants</b>. So, please make use of it for your bright future. All the best.. <br />
<br />
<b>Sr Engineer - Instrumentation (Utkal)</b><br />
Application deadline 2013-08-05<br />
Position description Position : Sr. Engineer - O&M (Instrumentation)<br />
Reports to : HOD - Instrumentation<br />
Location : UAIL, Tikri, Odisha<br />
Responsibilities To plan, organise, coordinate, supervise and control instrumentation maintenance of various equipments related to thermal power plant, prepare maintenance schedule, co-ordinate with the contractors / external agencies, Rectification planning for defects identified in Condition Monitoring, Updation in Defect Register & Maintenance management software, Spares & Consumables planning for the accountable area, Preparation of purchase requisition, Prepare MIS reports, within the guidelines of Wartsila policies with the objective of ensuring smooth running of power plant and meeting Customer expectations<br />
Requirements Graduate / Diploma Engineer in Instrumentation<br />
<br />
5 - 8 years of experience at thermal power plants<br />
<br />
Contact person to give further information Mr. Sudhakar Rao K<br />
Country India<br />
Job area Contract Delivery<br />
<a href="http://careers.fi/wartsila/careers.cgi?action=view&job_id=9591&lang=uk#.Ue0tmq7hpS8" target="_blank">APPLY NOW</a><br />
If you have questions related in instrumentation field, you can use the comment box to ask me.<br />
<br /></div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-34266464276521777112013-07-18T08:32:00.000-07:002013-07-18T08:32:28.578-07:00Anna University 4th Semster Transducer Engineering 2 marks - Unit 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello Friends, i am posting 4th Semester Transducer Engineering Unit - 1 2 Marks Questions and Answers for the past four years. Please make use of it and score well in your exam.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
UNIT 1</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
TRANSDUCER ENGINEERING</div>
<br />
<b>1) What is instrument ?</b><br />
It is a device for determining the value or magnitude of a quantity or variable.<br />
<br />
<b>2) Add 826 ± 5 to 628 ± 3 ?</b><br />
N1 = 826 ± 5 ( = ± 0.605%)<br />
N2 = 628 ± 3 ( = ± 0.477%)<br />
Sum = 1,454 ± 8 (=± 0.55%)<br />
<br />
<b>3) Subtract 628 ± 3 from 826 ± 5 ?</b><br />
N1 = 826 ± 5 ( = ± 0.605%)<br />
N2 = 628 ± 3 ( = ± 0.477%)<br />
Difference = 198 ± 8 (= ± 4.04%)<br />
<br />
<b>4) List three sources of possible errors in instruments ?</b><br />
(i) Gross Error (ii) Systematic (iii) Random errors.<br />
<br />
<b>5) Define Instrumental error ?</b><br />
These are the errors inherent in measuring instrument because of their mechanical structure.<br />
<br />
<b>6) Define limiting error ?</b><br />
Components are guaranteed to be within a certain percentage of rated value. Thus the manufacturer has to specify the deviations from the nominal value of a particular quantity.<br />
<br />
<b>7) Define probable error.?</b><br />
It is defined as r = ± 0.6745s where s is standard deviation.Probable error has been used in experimental work to some extent in past, but standard deviation is more convenient in statistical work.<br />
<br />
<b>8) Define Environmental error ?</b><br />
These are due to conditions in the measuring device, including conditions in thearea surrounding the instrument, such as the effects of changes in temperature,humidity.<br />
<br />
<b>9) Define arithmetic mean.?</b><br />
The best approximation method will be made when the number of readings would give the best result,<br />
X = arithmetic mean<br />
x1,x2,xn = readings taken<br />
<br />
<b>10) Define average deviation.?</b><br />
By definition, average deviation is the sum of absolute values of the value deviations divided by the number of reading.<br />
<br />
<b>11) Define units.?</b><br />
It is necessary to define a physical quantity both in kind and magnitude in order touche this information for further proceedings. The standard measure of each kind of physical quantity is named as the unit.<br />
<br />
<b>12) Define Standards ?</b><br />
The physical embodiment of a unit of measurement is a standard. For example,the fundamental unit of mass in the international system is the kilogram and defined as the mass of a cubic decimeter of water at its temperature of maximum density of 4°c.<br />
<br />
<b>13) Mention the purpose of the measurement.?</b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>To understand an event or an operation.</li>
<li>To monitor an event or an operation.</li>
<li>To control an event or an operation.</li>
<li>To collect data for future analysis</li>
<li> To validate an engineer design.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>14) What are the methods of measurement ?</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Direct comparison method</li>
<li>Indirect comparison method</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>15) Define ODDs ?</b><br />
<br />
The specification of limiting error is in itself uncertain because the manufacture himself is not sure about the accuracy because of the presence of random errors.<br />
<br />
<b>16) Classify Standards ?</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> International standards</li>
<li> Primary standards</li>
<li> Secondary standards</li>
<li> Working standards</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>17) Define transducer and give an example ?</b><br />
Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into electrical energy. A thermocouple converts heat energy into electrical voltage.<br />
<br />
<b>18) Classify transducer ?</b><br />
On the basis of transduction form used:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As primary and secondary transducers</li>
<li> As active and passive transducers</li>
<li>As analog and digital transducers</li>
<li>As transducers and inverse transducers</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>19) What is primary transducer?</b><br />
Bourdon tube acting as a primary transducer senses the pressure and converts the pressure into displacement. No output is given to the input of the bourdon tube. So it is called primary transducer. Mechanical device can act as a primary transducer.<br />
<br />
<b>20) What is secondary transducer?</b><br />
The output of the Bourdon tube is given to the input of the LVDT. There are two stages of transduction, firstly the pressure is converted into a displacement by the Bourdon tube then the displacement is converted into analog voltage by LVDT. Here LVDT is called secondary transducer. Electrical device can act as a secondary transducer.<br />
<br />
<b>21) What is passive transducer?</b><br />
In the absence of external power, transducer cannot work and it is called a passive transducer. Example: capacitive, inductive, resistance transducers.<br />
<br />
<b>22) What is active transducer?</b><br />
In the absence of external power, transducer can work and it is called active transducer. Example velocity, temperature, light can be transduced with the help of an active transducer.<br />
<br />
<b>23) What is analog transducer?</b><br />
These transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output which is a continuous function of time. Thus a strain gauge, an LVDT, a thermocouple or a thermistors may be called analog transducer, as they give an output which is a continuous function of time.<br />
<br />
<b>24) Give the classification of units ?</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Absolute units</li>
<li>Fundamental and derived units</li>
<li>Electromagnetic units</li>
<li>Electrostatic units</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>25) Define Primary fundamental and auxiliary fundamental units ?</b><br />
Fundamental units in mechanics are measures of length, mass and time and those are fundamental to most other physical quantities and hence they are called Primary fundamental units.<br />
Measures of certain physical quantities in thermal, electrical and illumination fields are also represented by fundamental units and are used only where those disciplines are involved and hence called auxiliary fundamental units.<br />
<br />
<b>26) Define unit of mass preserved at International Bureau of weights and measures at Severes near Paris ?</b><br />
The unit of mass is represented by a material standard: the mass of International prototype kilogram consisting of platinum Iridium hollow cylinder.<br />
<br />
<b>27) Define static calibration ?</b><br />
It refers to a process in which all the inputs(desired,modifying,interfering) except one are kept at some constant values.<br />
<br />
<b>28) Define Traceability ?</b><br />
The ability to trace the accuracy of the standard back to its ultimate source in fundamental standards of National Institute of Science and Technology is termed “Traceability”.<br />
<br />
<b>29) What are random errors or residual errors?</b><br />
The happenings or disturbances about which we are unaware and lumped together are called random errors or residual errors.Since these errors remain even after the systematic errors are taken care of,they are called residual errors.<br />
<br />
<b>30) Give one property of piezo-electric crystal ?</b><br />
When a force is applied to piezo-electric crystals, they produce an output voltage.<br />
<br />
<b>31) Define an Inverse transducer. Give an example ?</b><br />
A device which converts an electrical quantity into a non-electrical quantity. A piezo-electric crystal acts as an inverse transducer because when a voltage is applied across its surfaces, it changes its dimensions causing a mechanical displacement.<br />
<br />
<b>32) List the factors responsible in selection of a transducer ?</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Operating principle</li>
<li>Sensitivity</li>
<li>Operating range.</li>
<li>Accuracy.</li>
</ul>
<br />
If you have questions that you dont know the answer, you can use the comment box to ask me.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-70145920878907865802012-12-10T22:11:00.000-08:002012-12-10T22:11:13.571-08:00Electromechanical Relays<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
As the name indicates, electromechanical relays use the principle of inter conversion between electrical and mechanical energies. The most common type of electromechanical relay is the induction coil.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Basic operation of an electromechanical relay:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The relay used should activate the circuit breaker when an over current occurs, thereby the circuit breaker disconnects the current flow and prevent the circuit components from damages.</li>
<li>Usually a current transformer is used and current flows through its secondary only when over current flows.</li>
<li>The current across the secondary of the transformer energizes the relay coil which in turn breaks the circuit connection in the circuit breaker.</li>
<li>Thus further damages are prevented.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
In the case of induction relays, there may be one or more exciting coils wound around a magnetic core. Due to flow of current in the exciting coil, the electromagnetic torque is produced which rotates the rotor.<br />
<br />
This rotation of rotor is translated into mechanical action for closing of relay.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Types of induction relay:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Induction disk relays</li>
<li>Induction cup relays</li>
<li>Hinged armature relays</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Disadvantages of Electromechanical relays</u></b><br />
Electromechanical relays are widely used for various applications but they suffer the following drawbacks:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>High burden on instrument transformers</li>
<li>High operating time due to high inertia</li>
<li>Contact pitting and corrosion</li>
<li>Contact Racing: The Phenomenon by which the inertia of the moving parts causes unwanted connections in the circuit, which makes relay co-ordination difficult.</li>
<li>Requires frequent maintenance as there are several moving parts.</li>
<li>It is easily affected by shocks and vibrations from outside</li>
</ol>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-4261075679039574672012-11-26T05:59:00.001-08:002012-11-26T05:59:03.645-08:00Wireless based Instrumentation Projects (NON IEEE)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>WIRELESS MOUSE CONTROLLED DISH ANTENNA</b><br />
<br />
Objective of the project is to control the dish antenna position according to the mouse movement through zigbee transmission with help of microcontroller.<br />
<br />
Scope: <br />
In current process dish antenna is controlled manually by men or some wired remote. It’s difficult to change the position of the dish in a short time. So this project overcomes this problem. <br />
<br />
<b>WIRELESS BUILDING HEALTH MONITOR</b><br />
<br />
Objective of the project is to monitor the health of the building through zigbee transmission with help of microcontroller.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
Nowadays there are so many buildings are become weak due to high temperature and increase of moist level. To avoid these kinds of problem we need to notice the building’s temperature and moisture status. In order to do that microcontroller is placed inside the wall of the building with sensors and zigbee. Through zigbee communication we can monitor the temperature, vibration and moist of the building from pc itself. <br />
<br />
<b>WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR POLICE PETROL</b><br />
<br />
The objective of this project is to track the location using GPS receiver for the police patrol.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
In the last decade the number of deaths and fatal injuries from traffic accidents has been increasing rapidly. So, to avoid this, automatically transmit GPS (Global Positioning System) location to the police station with in a second. They will find the exact location by latitude and longitude values. The alarm will ON with the help of driver circuit when accident place reaches.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>REMOTE RIVER LEVEL SENSOR NETWORK</b><br />
<br />
The objective of this project is to monitor the river water level using the flow sensors and display on the LCD Display.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
This paper evaluates an automated water level monitoring network. This network contains multiple nodes on which measuring modules are installed. These modules collect raw data and transmit them periodically to a central monitoring system. <br />
This monitoring system monitors and processes the raw data and extracts information. Based on this information, various approximations are made such as water level rise rate, time remaining to exceed the critical level etc. The whole network is implemented as a prototype.<br />
<br />
<b>PILGRIMS TRACKING USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK</b><br />
<br />
The objective of this project is to track location of the pilgrims using zigbee and monitoring in pc with the help of google map.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
In last decades if someone lost their path, it is so difficult to find their location but, by using this technique easily find their paths and rescue is very easy buy tracking GPS location. <br />
We can track not only pilgrims path can also track anyone who having GPS receiver with them. GPS will provide latitude and longitude value, we can get the exact position by plotting these latitude and longitude in google map. <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>REAL TIME CROP FIELD MONITORING USING ZIGBEE</b><br />
<br />
Objective:<br />
The objective of this project is to monitor the temperature, PH and moister.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
In this project we are continuously monitor the temperature, PH and moister by the help of temperature sensor, PH sensor and moister senor. These values are continuously received to the PC. In we can monitor these parameters.<br />
<br />
<b>AD-HOC NETWORK BASED FLOOD MONITOR AND ALARM</b><br />
<br />
Objective:<br />
The main objective of this project is to monitor the flood using flow sensor. Flow sensor is used to measure the flow rate of the water.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
It is one of the best methods to identify the flood. This project consists of two flow sensor at different places, and to monitor the flow rate of water. If the flow rate is increased above the set rate in the two locations, the alarm will indicate and inform that flood. <br />
<br />
<b>TOUCH SCREEN AND ZIGBEE BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR APARTMENTS</b><br />
<br />
Objective:<br />
The objective of this project is to control the appliances through touch screen and ZIGBEE.<br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
In this project we are controlling the home appliances with the help of touch screen and ZIGBEE. The different places in touch screen produce different values. These values will transmit through ZIBEE. In the receiver side ZIGBEE receives and controls the relay.<br />
<br />
<b>MULTIPLE WIRELESS ELECTRONIC NOTICE BOARD</b><br />
<br />
The objective of this project is to design the electronic notice board using the LCD and the wireless communication.<br />
<br />
Scope: <br />
Now a day’s college and school are using various type of method to convey the message to the student. In this project we convey the message to easily. We are display the data in LCD display. Project consists of two ZIGBEE receiver and two microcontrollers. The LCD display will display while the received data consist of specified symbol or character. <br />
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<b>BLUETOOTH BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROLLER</b><br />
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<span id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_gv_ctl11_lblgist">Objective:<br />
The objective of this project is to control the home appliances through Bluetooth technology. </span><br />
<br />
Scope:<br />
In this project we are controlling the home appliances with the help of Bluetooth. One part of Bluetooth device is connected with PC. Another part is connected with controller. The commands sends from the PC is transmitted through Bluetooth device. After receiving the commands in the receiver Bluetooth, the commands are given to the microcontroller. According to the commands the home appliances will control by the help of relay. <br />
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More projects and posts coming soon.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-11261272570364852412012-11-21T07:10:00.001-08:002012-11-21T07:10:22.119-08:00Interferometer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
Basic Principle of Interferometer</h2>
Interferometer is a precise instrument for flow visualization. The variation of refractive index of the flowing gas with density is the basic principle used in thses system. The principle of interference of light waves is used. At a phase angle, the number of fringes are in relation to change in density with respect to the zero fringe condition.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Description of Interferometer</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Jbh8iI5cBCyFaGsRRslrefwY4B8RCxu54I7BzTWWUsWyJAljZhXW1GsVmEhYqRTavlLveUL2Drdj8SnLdQO0hjCtHNx5BCUmnkYkTokHXySyb4R9gMsg2xX3ZzvdfbWlG6grsQX793A/s1600/Mach-Zehnder+Interferometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Jbh8iI5cBCyFaGsRRslrefwY4B8RCxu54I7BzTWWUsWyJAljZhXW1GsVmEhYqRTavlLveUL2Drdj8SnLdQO0hjCtHNx5BCUmnkYkTokHXySyb4R9gMsg2xX3ZzvdfbWlG6grsQX793A/s400/Mach-Zehnder+Interferometer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The arrangement consists of the following:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Two windows to form a test section</li>
<li>A light source</li>
<li>Two Lenses L1 and L2</li>
<li>Two beam splitters B1 and B2</li>
<li>Two mirrors M1 and M2</li>
<li>A display Screen.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<h2>
Operation of Interferometer</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Light rays from a source are collimated with a lens L1. That is, the light rays become a parallel beam of rays when they come out of the lens L1.</li>
<li>This collimated light rays are then split by a beam splitter B1. The two beams traverse at right angles to each other.</li>
<li>That is the beam splitter B1 makes half of the light to go to mirrir M1. The remaining half is reflected towards mirror M2.</li>
<li>Beam 1 is made to pass through the test section (to experience the flow filed) and beam 2 travels an alternate path, but of equal length.</li>
<li>The two beams are agin brought together with the help of beam splitter S2 and are then focused onto the display screen.</li>
<li>Because of the variation in the refractive properties of the flowing gas in the test section, beams-1 will have a travel path of different optical length when compared to that of beam 2. Beacuase of this, the two beams will be out of phase and will interface when they are joined together at B2. This causes alternate bright and dark regions called fringes on the display screen.</li>
<li>The number of fringes will be a function of the difference in the optical length of the two beams. That is, for a difference in the path lengths of one wavelength, one fringe will appear. For a difference in the path lengths teo wave lengths, two fringes will appear and so on.</li>
<li>It is to be noted that if medium I the test section has the same optical properties as that of the medium experience by beam 2, no fringe shifts will appear.</li>
<li>Thus by observing ( and photographing) the interference effects, direct measurement of density variations of the flow in the test section can be obtained/ visualized.</li>
<li>The only disadvantage in yusing this instrument is that it is difficult to align the setup to get beams that have travel paths of the same optical lengths.</li>
</ol>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-50335119748632144112012-11-15T23:02:00.001-08:002012-11-15T23:02:44.874-08:00Laser Doppler anemometer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Doppler Effect is a method for measuring linear velocity. When a narrow laser beam ( or radio beam or ultrasonic beam) is focused on an abject, the beam will be reflected back to the source. But if the object is moving, the frequency of the signal received back will differ from that of the transmitted signal. This difference in frequency (Doppler shift) becomes a measure of the velocity of the object .<br />
<br />
LDA is used to measure flow (especially, high frequency turbulence fluctuations). This device can measure velocity of flow precisely and they don’t disturb the flow during the measurement process.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Description of Laser Doppler anemometer</h2>
The main parts of this device are as follows<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgxTro6CYtJA5ajW5PFoueiuEnuuZMuw48YHqKBWB7etto_M4a8k7oZGfk1JvvvJltZcnBn2kl6aKAIIcj8Mh7YW-JczciWEiZ02IankV1tDUUUIyoniYmmQkhzLeJgEM0JfK2kgEaZzQ/s1600/Laser-Doppler-anemometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgxTro6CYtJA5ajW5PFoueiuEnuuZMuw48YHqKBWB7etto_M4a8k7oZGfk1JvvvJltZcnBn2kl6aKAIIcj8Mh7YW-JczciWEiZ02IankV1tDUUUIyoniYmmQkhzLeJgEM0JfK2kgEaZzQ/s320/Laser-Doppler-anemometer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>A laser source (an argon laser or He-Ne laser).</li>
<li>A beam splitter that splits the laser beam into two equal intensity beams.</li>
<li>Alens to focus the two split lazer beams at an intersection point.</li>
<li>A photomultiplier tube (PMT)</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
For a flow whose velocity is to be determine, it is to be noyted that the flow should contain small particles to scatter the light. The particle concentration should be very small.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Operation of Laser Doppler anemometer</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The laser source sends a beam that is split by a beam splitter into two beams.</li>
<li>The two parallel beams are focused by the lens L1 such that they intersect at a point in the test section were flow ( with particles ) exists. In the region of intersection, interference fringes are formed.</li>
<li>The particles (carried along with the flow) that pass through the intersection of the beams scatter the light from both the beams.</li>
<li>The scattered light experiences a Doppler shift in frequency that is directly proportional to the flow velocity.</li>
<li>The light is collected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The device is constructed such that the direct and scattered beams travel in the same optical path so that an interference will be observed at the PMT that is proportional to frequency shift. This shift then gives an indication of flow velocity.</li>
<li>A signal processor is used to retrieve velocity data from the PMT.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Advantages of Laser Doppler anemometer</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The device does not disturb the flow during measurement</li>
<li>The device measure velocity directly</li>
<li>Volume of sensing part can be very small</li>
<li>Highly accurate</li>
<li>Can be used to measure flow of both gases and liquids.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Disadvantages of Laser Doppler anemometer</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Requires transparent channels</li>
<li>Cannot be-used on clean flows</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Applications of Laser Doppler anemometer</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Wind tunnel studies</li>
<li>Blood flow measurement</li>
<li>Sensing of wind velocity</li>
<li>Used in the field of combustion</li>
</ol>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-27815064068758600492012-10-12T00:29:00.000-07:002012-10-12T00:29:48.835-07:00Strain Gauge Accelerometer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
Basic Principle of Strain Gauge Accelerometer</h2>
When a cantilever beam qattached with a mass at its free end is subjected to vibration, vibrational displacement of the mass takes place. Depending on the deisplacement of the mass, the beam deflects and hence the beam is strained. The resulting strain is proportional to the vibration displacement of the mass and hence the vibration/acceleration being measured when calibrated.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Description of Strain Gauge Accelerometer</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KgXv8dzPJEPfX7YdEiW_78-5wnSegobvtU6NFTdm6Z5zfGqxd0UhGjWaqjB7FxnR1DMUZCQlXhmW0ThUjYICurfmqpt0yz5aGqHYT_0p6B3KL0hU9C3RFJL0pp1-9qiilM3q98cJuDk/s1600/Strain+gauge+Accelerometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KgXv8dzPJEPfX7YdEiW_78-5wnSegobvtU6NFTdm6Z5zfGqxd0UhGjWaqjB7FxnR1DMUZCQlXhmW0ThUjYICurfmqpt0yz5aGqHYT_0p6B3KL0hU9C3RFJL0pp1-9qiilM3q98cJuDk/s400/Strain+gauge+Accelerometer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The main parts of a strain gague accelerometer are as follows:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A cantilever beam fixed to the housing of the instrument.</li>
<li>A mass is fixed to the free end of the cantilever beam.</li>
<li>Two bounded strain gauges are mounted on the cantilever beam as shown in diagram.</li>
<li>Damping is provided by a viscous fluid filled inside the housing.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2>
Operation of Strain Gauge Accelerometer</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The accelerometer is fitted on to the structure whose acceleration is to be measured.</li>
<li>Due to the vibration, vibrational displacement of the mass occurs, causing the cantilever beam to be strained.</li>
<li>Hence the strain gauges mounted on the cantilever beam are also strained and due to this their resistance change.</li>
<li>Hence a measure of this change in resistance of the strain gauge becomes a measure of the extent to which the cantilever beam is strained.</li>
<li>But the resulting strain of the cantilever beam is proportional to the vibration/acceleration and hence a measure of the change in resistance of the strain gauges becomes a measure of vibration/acceleration.</li>
<li>The leads of the strain gauges are connected to a wheat stone bridge whose output is calibrated in terms of vibration/acceleration.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-63450169391113481502012-09-29T22:56:00.001-07:002012-09-29T22:56:50.991-07:00SAYBOLT VISCOMETER (EFFLUX CUP VISCOMETERS)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Definition of SAYBOLT VISCOMETER</b><br />
A device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. The saybolt viscometer controls the heat of the fluid and the viscosity is the time is takes the fluid to fill a 60cc container.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTcVvqbuHiQetrO0Yq6InyYKo0nBJ45mzppR9u-qeCm6MSTfruFq4GeQwjcI6BUJnBxnR6y4VMHKLHg5zNi7i0QtvneHxBxylXFGjjkp35UdUfnArxCRBGin7ug3eFMgcm90Wp3slnqF8/s1600/saybolt-viscometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTcVvqbuHiQetrO0Yq6InyYKo0nBJ45mzppR9u-qeCm6MSTfruFq4GeQwjcI6BUJnBxnR6y4VMHKLHg5zNi7i0QtvneHxBxylXFGjjkp35UdUfnArxCRBGin7ug3eFMgcm90Wp3slnqF8/s1600/saybolt-viscometer.jpg" /></a></div>
Efflux cup viscometers are most commonly used for fieldwork to measure the viscosity of oils, syrups, varnish, paints and Bitumen emulsions. The testing procedure is quite similar to the capillary-tube viscometers where efflux time of a specified volume of fluid is measured through fixed orifice at the bottom of a cup to represent the viscosity of the fluid. Since the viscosity of Newtonian liquid are independent of dimensions of viscometer used, it is possible to convert the efflux times to kinematic viscosities by conversion charts or by formulas suggested by the equipment manufacturers.<br />
<br />
To obtain high accuracy the liquid holding vessel and orifice are temperature controlled by immersing them in a thermostatically controlled bath. The saybolt viscometer, one of the efflux cup viscometers is the standard instrument for testing petroleum products. There are three types of orifices available-Universal, Furol, Asphalt.<br />
<br />
The furol and asphalt orifices, respectively, have an efflux time of approximately, one-tenth and one-hundredth that of the universal orifice. The cup orifice combination should be selected to provide an effllux time within the range of 20 to 100 seconds. Of these types, the universal orifice(saybolt universal viscometer) is most commonly used and its efflux time is designated as saybolt universal seconds(SUS).The universal viscometer measures the time required for 60 cc of sample fluid to flow out through an orifice having dimensions of 0.176 cm in diameter and 1.225 cm in length. Saybolt universal seconds (t) can be converted to kinematic viscosity (v) by the following equations:<br />
<br />
When t < 100 secs, v = 0.226t - 195/t Centistokes<br />
When t >100 secs, v = 0.220t - 135/t Centistokes<br />
<br />
The viscosity determinations should be conducted in a room free from drafts and rapid changes in temperature the highest degree of accuracy.</div>
Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-80604722929546347812012-08-12T05:48:00.000-07:002012-08-12T05:48:17.773-07:00Lead Control Systems Engineer Wanted in london<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="color: #727272; font-family: verdana; font-size: 8pt; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Status:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Staff</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Location:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">London, UNITED KINGDOM</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Advert Published:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;"><b><span style="color: black;">12 Aug 2012</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Expiry date:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">11 Sep 2012</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">Talascend Ref. No.:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">55623</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">OilCareers Ref. No.:</span></b></td><td style="font-size: 8pt;" valign="top"><b><span style="color: black;">J796583</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</b> <b><br /></b><br />
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<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
Apply here : <a href="http://www.oilcareers.com/content/jobsearch/job_advert.asp?jobadid=796583">http://www.oilcareers.com/content/jobsearch/job_advert.asp?jobadid=796583</a><br />
<br />
<b>Position Duties/Responsibilities:</b><br />
<br />
· The Chief Engineer of Control Systems shall assign a Lead Engineer to a project. <br />
The Lead Engineer shall have extended experience in the Oil, Gas and Chemical (OG&C) contracting industry with experience in lead positions managing a team of at least 15 engineers. In addition, the Lead Engineer shall have hands-on experience of project execution through a variety of phases including conceptual design, feasibility studies, front-end design, detailed engineering design and procurement of instrumentation and control systems equipment.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer shall report to the Project Engineering Manager assigned to the project and functionally to the discipline Chief Control Systems Engineer.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer shall be responsible for planning, organizing, monitoring, reporting, coordinating and controlling the control system scope of work for the assigned project within agreed man-hour budget, schedule and quality standards.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer shall interface with the Client representatives to ensure all customer expectations are met.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer shall ensure that the project scope is fully understood by self and communicated to all team members.<br />
<br />
· The Lead Engineer is responsible for completing staff employee annual performance appraisals and for coaching and developing control systems staff to professional status where required.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer may be required to assist the Chief Control Systems Engineer with input to proposals, corporate workshop activities, developing standards, developing technical work practices, interviewing control systems engineers including graduates, developing execution strategies and performing technical audits.<br />
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· Commercial awareness and leadership skills are important attributes of a good Lead Engineer.<br />
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· The Lead Engineer shall be a team player, goal oriented in so far as the production of deliverables and achievement of milestones as well as taking ownership of tasks and the responsibility for their outcome.<br />
<br />
· He or she will also be an effective administrator and a good communicator.<br />
<br />
· The Lead Engineer must be familiar with European and American Standards and their application as well as industry trends and their likely impacts.<br />
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<br />
<b>Required Qualifications and Position Skills</b><br />
<br />
. Masters or Honours degree in Control Systems, Electrical, Electronic or Mechanical Engineering<br />
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. Professional Engineer (Chartered Engineer, Fellow or equivalent)<br />
<br />
. Proficient user of office automation packages such as Microsoft Word, Excel, Power Point and Access<br />
<br />
. SPI user for the preparation of instrument indices and datasheets – rather than being a proficient hands-on user Lead Engineer should understand how SPI is used<br />
<br />
. Document Management, Scheduling, Material Requisition Tool<br />
<br />
<b>Additional requirements:</b><br />
<br />
Candidates must be prepared for international travel on business trips and or project assignments to site.</div>Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-66410951087229679282012-08-07T08:35:00.002-07:002012-08-07T08:35:52.934-07:00Electrical Torsion Meter (Torque Measurement using slotted Discs)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
Basic principle</h2>
Due to the applied torque, there is a relative displacement between the two slotted discs. Due to this relative displacement of the slotted discs, a phase shift exists between the pulse generated by the transducers. When these pulses are connected to an electronic unit, it will show a time lapse between the two pulses. This time lapse between the two pulses is proportional to the twist of the shaft and the torque of the shaft.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Description of Electrical Torsion Meter</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The main parts of an electrical torsion meter are as follows:</li>
<li>A shaft connected between a driving engine and a driven load.</li>
<li>Two slotted discs attached on either side of the shaft.</li>
<li>Transducer (magnetic or photo electric ) to count pulses from the slotted disc.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYkhFXhcVheCHvLH8Abgfo2vEnGnv-F79iSo1KqkUgSnFiOfRSZHjJuKakej_YI3e18EtJGY-Ia5z6F0cL3RW-OPcmloa3DUBFLxq5iimpTbL2595xgb9Z-AGxXnTldEB6orj_0qRxQCY/s1600/Electrical-Torsion-meter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYkhFXhcVheCHvLH8Abgfo2vEnGnv-F79iSo1KqkUgSnFiOfRSZHjJuKakej_YI3e18EtJGY-Ia5z6F0cL3RW-OPcmloa3DUBFLxq5iimpTbL2595xgb9Z-AGxXnTldEB6orj_0qRxQCY/s400/Electrical-Torsion-meter.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Operation of Electrical Torsion Meter</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The teeth produce voltage pulses in the transducers.</li>
<li>When torque is not applied on the shaft, the teeth of the bth the discs perfectly align with each other and hence he voltage pulses produced in the transducers will have zero time difference.</li>
<li>But when torque is applied on the shaft, there is a relative displacement of the slotted discs due to twist experienced by the shaft and hence the teeth of both the discs will not align with each other and hence the voltage pulses produced in the transducer will have a time difference (that is , time lapse).</li>
<li>This time lapse between the pulses of the two discs is proportional to the twist of the shaft and hence the torque of the shaft.</li>
<li>A measure of this time lapse becames of torque when calibrated.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Application of Electrical Torsion Meter</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Used to measure torque on rotation shafts.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Advantages of Electrical Torsion Meter</h2>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>There are no signal leakage problems.</li>
<li>There is no noise creation.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-88260934608977189592012-07-01T22:45:00.002-07:002012-07-01T22:45:50.278-07:00Seismic – Displacement Sensing Accelerometer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
Basic Principle</h2>
<span style="background-color: white;">When a spring – mass – damper system is subjected to acceleration, the mass is displaced, and this displacement of the mass is proportional to the acceleration. Hence a measure of displacement of the mass becomes a measure of acceleration.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
Description </h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpIG1AbURJpulstpdD_BLqhX7JhMKmzFoEPjyNicKDL_uHB3lBvlVW2C4d8zwmb-Vvkh_AtVqE9N_460vtWldrtfmrZdQZX5MW3bODevC8f6hBkev8Qex88oix4HGPeAddth-YCpQNWc/s1600/linear-seismic-displacement-sensing-accelerometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpIG1AbURJpulstpdD_BLqhX7JhMKmzFoEPjyNicKDL_uHB3lBvlVW2C4d8zwmb-Vvkh_AtVqE9N_460vtWldrtfmrZdQZX5MW3bODevC8f6hBkev8Qex88oix4HGPeAddth-YCpQNWc/s400/linear-seismic-displacement-sensing-accelerometer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The main parts of a seismic accelerometer are as follows:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">A seismic mass is suspended from the housing of the accelerometer through a spring.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">A damper is connected between the seismic mass and the housing of the accelerometer.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The seismic mass is connected to an electric displacement transducer.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Note: there are two types of seismic – displacement sensing accelerometers namely.</span><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Linear seisimic accelerometer.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Rotational Seismic Accelerometer.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="background-color: white;">Both of the above mentioned seismic accelerometers work on the same principle and are shown in diagram.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkatTs6HBB_9umODizlBCV_x7aSnO-uE3hpxPuuxL8CW7C9k30A44fojtCSbqPSVXv2BSWsnqUzJjhA46Pur4nNHDHd52_0xrQnh6Abf5TwUs6RkoG6oiRw4_958AUp7CSANeEkIlm5k/s1600/rotational-seismic-displacement-sensing-accelerometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkatTs6HBB_9umODizlBCV_x7aSnO-uE3hpxPuuxL8CW7C9k30A44fojtCSbqPSVXv2BSWsnqUzJjhA46Pur4nNHDHd52_0xrQnh6Abf5TwUs6RkoG6oiRw4_958AUp7CSANeEkIlm5k/s400/rotational-seismic-displacement-sensing-accelerometer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<h2>
Operation </h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The accelerometer is fitted on to the structure whose acceleration is to be measured.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Due the acceleration, the seismic mass experience a displacement and this displacement of the mass is proportional to the acceleration.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">As the mass is connected to an electric displacement transducer, the output of the transducer depends on the extent – to which the mass is displaced.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Hence the output of the transducer is calibrated to give a direct indication of the acceleration characteristics of the structure.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
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</div>Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8012252567803160603.post-58922354685063285002012-06-26T06:22:00.001-07:002012-06-26T06:22:13.458-07:00What is a Magnetic Tape Recorders<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white;">Before explaining about magnetic tape recorders, I will tell you what a recorder is and what the uses of the recorder are?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><br />
A recorder is used to produce a permanent record of the signal that is measured.<br />
<br />
A record is used to analyse how one variable varies with respect to another and how the signal saries with time.<br />
<br />
The objective of a recording system is to record and preserve information pertaining to measurement at a particular time and also to get an idea of the performance of the unit and to provide the results of the steps taken by the operator.<br />
<br />
The basic components of a general recorder are an operating mechanism to position the pen or writer on the paper and a paper mechanism for paper movement and a printing mechanism.<br />
<br />
Okay, now you know what is a recorder, why it is used and where it is used. Now I will explain about magnetic tape recorder.<br />
<br />
A magnetic tape recorder is used to record data which can be retrieved and reproduced in electrical form again. This recorder can record signals of high frequency.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Description of Magnetic Tape Recorders:</h2>
<br />
The magnetic tape is made of a thin sheet of tough plastic material; one side of it is coated with a magnetic material (iron oxide). The plastic base is usually polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene terephthalate. Recording head, reproducing head and tape transport mechanism are also present.<br />
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<br />
<h2>
Operation of Magnetic Tape Recorders:</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The recording head consists of core, coil and a fine air gap of about 10 micrometer. The coil current creates a flux, which passes through the air gap to the magnetic tape and magnetizes the iron oxide particles as they pass the air gap. So the actual recording takes place at the trailing edge of the gap.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The reproducing head is similar to that of a recording head in appearance. The magnetic tape is passes over a reproducing head, thereby resulting in an output voltage proportional to the magnetic flux in the tape, across the coil of the reproducing head. Thus the magnetic pattern in the tape is detected and converted back into original electrical signal.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The tape transport mechanism moves the tape below the head at constant speed without any strain, distrortion or wear. The mechanism much be such as to guide the tape passed by the magnetic heads with great precision, maintain propoer tension and have sufficient tape to magnetic head contact.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<h2>
Advantages of Magnetic Tape Recorders:</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Wide frequency range.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Low distortion.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Immediate availability of the signal in its initial electrical form as no time is lost in processing.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">The possibility of erase and reuse of the tape.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Possibility of playing back or reproducing of the recorded signal as many times as required without loss if signal.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<h2>
Applications of Magnetic Tape Recorders:</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Data recording and analysis on missiles, aircraft and satelites.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Communications and spying.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Recording of stress, vibration and analysis of noise.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>Hari as Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17139756055347950712noreply@blogger.com