Description of manometer:
This is the most simple and precise device used for the measurement od pressure. It consists of a transparent tube constructed in the form of an elongated 'U', and partially filled with the manometeric fliud such as mercury. The purpose of using mercury as the manometeric fluid is that their specific gravity at various temperatures are known exactly and they dont stick to the tube. The two common types of manometers are the equal limb type and unequal limb type.
Operation of Manometer :
to measure the pressure of a fluid which is less dense and immisible with the manometeric fluid, it is appilied to the top of one of the limbs of the manometer while a reference fluid pressure (generally atmospheric ) is appilied to the other limb.
Let : P1 = unknown pressure with specific weight w1.
And : P2 = reference pressure with specific weight w2.
And : wm = specfic weight of the manometeric fluid.
The difference between the pressure on the two limbs of the manometer is a function of 'h', the difference between the levels of the manometeric fluid in the two limbs. 'h', can be read directly by placing a scale near the manometer.
For Equal Limb type:
the pressure balance equation is
P1 + gh * w1 = P2 + gh * wm
therefore, differential pressure
P = P1 – p2 = gh(wm – w1)
For unequal Limb type
P1+w1(h1+h2+h) = P2 + w2h2 + wmh
Therefore, differential pressure:
P = P1 – P2 = w2h2 + wm * h – w1(h1 + h2 + h)
= wm*h [ 1 + (w2/wm * h2/h) – w1/wm ( h1+h2/h + 1) ]
= wmh * Cn
where; Cn = [ 1 + ( w2/wm – h2/h) – w1/wm ( h1+h2/h + 1)]
Cn is known as hydraulic correction factor.
Applications of Manometer :
- they are used to sense differential pressure in venturimeter and other flow meters.
- They are used as level devices to sense liquid heads.
- There are used as primary standard for pressure measurements.
Advantages of Manometer :
- they are simple is construction.
- They give accurate results.
- Wide range of manometeric fluids ar available such as mercury, water, aniline, tetrabromethane, bromoform and carbon tetrachloride.
Disadvantages of Manometer :
- They might break during transport.
- Certain manometeric fluids cause hazards when exposed to atmosphere.
- Error is introduced if the diameter of the tube is less.
- Leveling is required.