Electromechanical Relays

As the name indicates, electromechanical relays use the principle of inter conversion between electrical and mechanical energies. The most common type of electromechanical relay is the induction coil.

Basic operation of an electromechanical relay:

1. The relay used should activate the circuit breaker when an over current occurs, thereby the circuit breaker disconnects the current flow and prevent the circuit components from damages.
2. Usually a current transformer is used and current flows through its secondary only when over current flows.
3. The current across the secondary of the transformer energizes the relay coil which in turn breaks the circuit connection in the circuit breaker.
4. Thus further damages are prevented.

In the case of induction relays, there may be one or more exciting coils wound around a magnetic core. Due to flow of current in the exciting coil, the electromagnetic torque is produced which rotates the rotor.

This rotation of rotor is translated into mechanical action for closing of relay.

Types of induction relay:

1. Induction disk relays
2. Induction cup relays
3. Hinged armature relays

Disadvantages of Electromechanical relays
Electromechanical relays are widely used for various applications but they suffer the following drawbacks:

1. High burden on instrument transformers
2. High operating time due to high inertia
3. Contact pitting and corrosion
4. Contact Racing: The Phenomenon by which the inertia of the moving parts causes unwanted connections in the circuit, which makes relay co-ordination difficult.
5. Requires frequent maintenance as there are several moving parts.
6. It is easily affected by shocks and vibrations from outside

Wireless based Instrumentation Projects (NON IEEE)

WIRELESS MOUSE CONTROLLED DISH ANTENNA

Objective of the project is to control the dish antenna position according to the mouse movement through zigbee transmission with help of microcontroller.

Scope:
In current process dish antenna is controlled manually by men or some wired remote. It’s difficult to change the position of the dish in a short time. So this project overcomes this problem.

WIRELESS BUILDING HEALTH MONITOR

Objective of the project is to monitor the health of the building through zigbee transmission with help of microcontroller.

Scope:
Nowadays there are so many buildings are become weak due to high temperature and increase of moist level. To avoid these kinds of problem we need to notice the building’s temperature and moisture status. In order to do that microcontroller is placed inside the wall of the building with sensors and zigbee. Through zigbee communication we can monitor the temperature, vibration and moist of the building from pc itself.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR POLICE PETROL

The objective of this project is to track the location using GPS receiver for the police patrol.

Scope:
In the last decade the number of deaths and fatal injuries from traffic accidents has been increasing rapidly. So, to avoid this, automatically transmit GPS (Global Positioning System) location to the police station with in a second. They will find the exact location by latitude and longitude values. The alarm will ON with the help of driver circuit when accident place reaches.


REMOTE RIVER LEVEL SENSOR NETWORK

The objective of this project is to monitor the river water level using the flow sensors and display on the LCD Display.

Scope:
This paper evaluates an automated water level monitoring network. This network contains multiple nodes on which measuring modules are installed. These modules collect raw data and transmit them periodically to a central monitoring system.
This monitoring system monitors and processes the raw data and extracts information. Based on this information, various approximations are made such as water level rise rate, time remaining to exceed the critical level etc. The whole network is implemented as a prototype.

PILGRIMS TRACKING USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

The objective of this project is to track location of the pilgrims using zigbee and monitoring in pc with the help of google map.

Scope:
In last decades if someone lost their path, it is so difficult to find their location but, by using this technique easily find their paths and rescue is very easy buy tracking GPS location.
We can track not only pilgrims path can also track anyone who having GPS receiver with them. GPS will provide latitude and longitude value, we can get the exact position by plotting these latitude and longitude in google map.


REAL TIME CROP FIELD MONITORING USING ZIGBEE

Objective:
The objective of this project is to monitor the temperature, PH and moister.

Scope:
In this project we are continuously monitor the temperature, PH and moister by the help of temperature sensor, PH sensor and moister senor. These values are continuously received to the PC. In we can monitor these parameters.

AD-HOC NETWORK BASED FLOOD MONITOR AND ALARM

Objective:
The main objective of this project is to monitor the flood using flow sensor. Flow sensor is used to measure the flow rate of the water.

Scope:
It is one of the best methods to identify the flood. This project consists of two flow sensor at different places, and to monitor the flow rate of water. If the flow rate is increased above the set rate in the two locations, the alarm will indicate and inform that flood.

TOUCH SCREEN AND ZIGBEE BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR APARTMENTS

Objective:
The objective of this project is to control the appliances through touch screen and ZIGBEE.

Scope:
In this project we are controlling the home appliances with the help of touch screen and ZIGBEE. The different places in touch screen produce different values. These values will transmit through ZIBEE. In the receiver side ZIGBEE receives and controls the relay.

MULTIPLE WIRELESS ELECTRONIC NOTICE BOARD

The objective of this project is to design the electronic notice board using the LCD and the wireless communication.

Scope:
Now a day’s college and school are using various type of method to convey the message to the student. In this project we convey the message to easily. We are display the data in LCD display. Project consists of two ZIGBEE receiver and two microcontrollers. The LCD display will display while the received data consist of specified symbol or character.

BLUETOOTH BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROLLER

Objective:
The objective of this project is to control the home appliances through Bluetooth technology. 

Scope:
In this project we are controlling the home appliances with the help of Bluetooth. One part of Bluetooth device is connected with PC. Another part is connected with controller. The commands sends from the PC is transmitted through Bluetooth device. After receiving the commands in the receiver Bluetooth, the commands are given to the microcontroller. According to the commands the home appliances will control by the help of relay.


More projects and posts coming soon.

Instruments used to measure angular velocity

Angular velocity is measured using devices called tachometers.Tachometers are instruments that measure angular speed by registering anyone of the following

Number of rotations during the contact period (or)

• Number of rotations per minute (rpm)
• Tachometers are classified as follows:

Mechanical Tachometers

1. Revolution counter and timer
2. Tachoscope
3. Hand speed indicator
4. Slipping clutch tachometer
5. Centrifugal force tachometer
6. Vibration reed tachometer

Electrical tachometers

• Drag cup tachometer
• Commutated capacitor tachometer
• Tachogenerators
• DC – Tachogeneraor
• AC – Tachogeneraor

Contact Less Electrical Tachometers

1. Inductive pick up tachometer
2. Stroboscope tachometer
3. Photoelectric tachometer
4. Capacitor tachometer

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Project Ideas with Abstract

I have collected a few interesting project topics in Digital Signal Processing with abstracts for you. Read it and do your project.

1.TRACKING AND COUNTING PEOPLE IN VISUAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS [IEEE 2011]

ABSTRACT The greatest challenge on monitoring characters from a monocular video scene is to track targets under occlusion conditions. In this work, we present a scheme to automatically track and count people in a surveillance system. First, a dynamic background subtraction module is employed to model light variation and then to determine pedestrian objects from a static scene. To identify foreground objects as characters, positions and sizes of foreground regions are treated as decision features. Moreover, the performance to track individuals is improved by using the modified overlap tracker, which investigates the centroid distance between neighboring objects to help on target tracking in occlusion states of merging and splitting. On the experiments of tracking and counting people in three video sequences, the results exhibit that the proposed scheme can improve the averaged detection ratio about 10% as compared to the conventional work.

2. DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE MOVING OBJECT DETECTING SYSTEM BASED ON BLACKFIN DSP [IEEE 2010]

Abstract – Based on Blackfin DSP, we design and implement a compact moving object detecting and video recording system. The background subtraction algorithm is applied to the system to detect the moving objects. And when there is any object being detected, the frames containing the moving objects will be recorded automatically. In order to improve the accuracy of the detecting results, in this paper, instead of using the median filter, we design the block filtering algorithm to filter the noise with the simply connected block region, since the block filtering algorithm needs far less amount of computation than the median filtering algorithm. Further, in order to improve the detecting speed, based on the memory configuration of the system, a new block based parallel data processing mechanism is proposed, in which the external memory data to be processed is moved into the internal memory space in advance that greatly reduces the external memory access requests of the DSP core, thus good parallel data processing and transmission is achieved. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the block filtering algorithm is more suitable for a real time system than the median filter, because the block filtering algorithm improves the filtering efficiency greatly by reducing the amount of filtering computation and also works with satisfying statistical accuracy. In addition, the results of the experiments also show that the block based parallel data processing mechanism is highly effective in improving detecting speed and contributes to a more efficient parallel detecting system.

3. AN IMPROVED MEDIAN FILTERING ALGORITHM COMBINED WITH AVERAGE FILTERING [IEEE 2011]

Abstract—To solve the contradiction between the noisereducing effect and the time complexity of the standard median filter algorithm, the paper proposed an improved median filter algorithm combined with average filtering. According to the correlation of the image, the algorithm adaptively resizes the filter mask according to noise levels of the mask. According to the sorting results of the selected pixel values in the neighborhood, the algorithm uses the median to replace the original pixel. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm can effectively reduce time complexity and has better noise-reducing effect than the standard median filter algorithm. It has a good application prospect in image processing.

4. RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION HIDING BASED ON RSA AND HVS [IEEE 2011]

Abstract: To better protect the security of information, this paper proposed an information transmission scheme which combined the cryptosystem and information hiding. The scheme pretreated the information firstly by making use of the RSA arithmetic which belongs to the public key cryptosystem, and then took advantage of the improved LSB which based on the Human Visual System to make the cryptograph hid in the 24 bits BMP image and transmitted it. The embedding and extracting process of secret information in the scheme were discussed in detail. Also, the result of information hiding achieved by this scheme was given. The principle of the scheme is simple, and it is easy to implement. The experimental result suggests that the scheme is efficient and has good practical value.

5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INTEGER WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR IMAGE COMPRESSION [IEEE 2011]

Abstract— For image compression, it is very necessary that the selection of transform should reduce the size of the resultant data as compared to the original data set .In this paper, a new lossless image compression method is proposed. For continuous and discrete time cases, wavelet transform and wavelet packet transform has emerged as popular techniques. While integer wavelet using the lifting scheme significantly reduces the computation time, we propose a completely new approach for further speeding up the computation. First, wavelet packet transform (WPT) and lifting scheme (LS) are described. Then an application of the LS to WPT is presented which leads to the generation of integer wavelet packet transform (IWPT). The proposed method, Integer Wavelet Packet Transform (IWPT) yields a representation which can be lossless, as it maps an integer valued sequence onto the integer valued coefficients. The idea of Wavelet Packet Tree is used to transform the still and color images. IWPT tree can be built by iterating the single wavelet decomposition step on both the low-pass and high-pass branches, with rounding off in order to achieve the integer transforms. Thus, the proposed method provides good compression ratio.

6. DESIGN OF A COLOR IMAGE FUSION SYSTEM BASED ON DSP AND FPGA [IEEE 2010]

Abstract—In this paper, a color image fusion system based on DSP and FPGA is introduced .In the system, TMS320DM642 is used as the kernel processor to finish the images fusion arithmetic, storage and display. FPGA, which has the ability to control the logic of image capturing, is used as the assistive processor. The experiment shows that this technology can obtain color fusion image.

7. THE PORTABLE WIRELESS AERIAL IMAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM BASED ON DSP [IEEE 2010]

Abstract-The paper provides portable digital aerial image system based on Blackfin DSP. The system includes the aeromodellingcarrier part and the ground control part. The image transmission between the two parts realized with Nordic Semiconductors RF transceiver nRF24L01. The aeromodelling-carrier part takes pictures using CMOS image sensor and compresses data by ADSPBF531, then sends them to ground part wirelessly. The ground control center based on ADSP-BF533 supervises images real time and samples data. After relevant subsequent image processing and compressing, the final image is saved locally. In controllable range, the system can take pictures anyplace and any angle, can lock object neatly. This system features double DSP architecture so it can transmit and process image very fast. It is small, light, low power consumption and low cost. It is easy for single taking and operation, so has good application prospect in field reconnaissance, traffic surveillance, city layout and the situation of bad weather or a disaster and so on.

8.DETECTING BACKGROUND SETTING FOR DYNAMIC SCENE [IEEE 2011]

Abstract – Processing Real-Time image sequence is now possible because of advancement of technological developments in digital signal processing, wide-band communication, and high-performance VLSI. With the developments in video technology, the surveillance system can be built with some low cost gadget such as the web-camera. In this modern life with increasing number of crime rate, people in society need for security and safety; video surveillance has become important reason to oppose threats of crime and terrorism. The most fundamental part of surveillance is foreground detection, which is retrieval of an object of interest. The object of interest can remodel by common background subtraction technique. There is some problem arises by using this technique, where because of variation of light source, the background constantly changes. The intensity of pixel changes throughout the object detection takes place. Intensity of pixel value changes leads to improper foreground detection, the background detected as foreground object. This paper proposes a method to model and update the background of the scene by intersection solving method.

9.A VIEW ON LATEST AUDIO STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES [IEEE 2011]

Abstract—Steganography has been proposed as a new alternative technique to enforce data security. Lately, novel and versatile audio steganographic methods have been proposed. A perfect audio Steganographic technique aim at embedding data in an imperceptible, robust and secure way and then extracting it by authorized people. Hence, up to date the main challenge in digital audio steganography is to obtain robust high capacity steganographic systems. Leaning towards designing a system that ensures high capacity or robustness and security of embedded data has led to great diversity in the existing steganographic techniques. In this paper, we present a current state of art literature in digital audio steganographic techniques. We explore their potentials and limitations to ensure secure communication. A comparison and an evaluation for the reviewed techniques is also presented in this paper.

10.A REAL-TIME VISION SYSTEM FOR NIGHTTIME VEHICLE DETECTION AND TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE(IEEE MAY 2011)

Abstract—This paper presents an effective traffic surveillance system for detecting and tracking moving vehicles in nighttime traffic scenes. The proposed method identifies vehicles by detecting and locating vehicle headlights and taillights using image segmentation and pattern analysis techniques. First, a fast bright-object segmentation process based on automatic multilevel histogram thresholding is applied to effectively extract bright objects of interest. This automatic multilevel thresholding approach provides a robust and adaptable detection system that operates well under various nighttime illumination conditions. The extracted bright objects are then processed by a spatial clustering and tracking procedure that locates and analyzes the spatial and temporal features of vehicle light patterns, and identifies and classifies moving cars and motorbikes in traffic scenes. The proposed real-time vision system has also been implemented and evaluated on a TI DM642 DSP-based embedded platform. The system is set up on elevated platforms to perform traffic surveillance on real highways and urban roads. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed traffic surveillance approach is feasible and effective for vehicle detection and identification in various nighttime environments.

Share your ideas in the below comments section.

Construction and Working of Float level switch

The most known and simple level switch consists of a float which is mounted on a moveable arm and magnetically coupled to a micro switch (outside the process). Also versions exist with a spherical float, which contains a small magnet and move upwards a tube. In the tube one or more reed relays are placed. The reed relays will switch as the (magnetic) float passes by. The image below shows a simple float type mechanism.

Advantages of Float level switch

1. Relatively simple.
2. It is suitable for various products
3. Low cost.

Disadvantages of Float level switch

1. Requires a certain mounting
2. No reproduction switch point
3. There is a malfunction in case of build-up.
4. It is not fail-safe.

List of Instruments and Methods used in Level Measurements:

In this post I will list out all the Instruments and Methods used in Level Measurements.

1. Level measurement using gauge glass technique.
2. Float type level indication
3. Float level switch
4. Float / rope method
5. Float operated spring loaded level switch
6. Magnetic float device
7. Level measurement using displacer and torque tube
8. Air purge system/bubbler system
9. Thermal level sensors
10. Low level conductivity switch
11. Thermal level sensor with heater and probes
12. Capsule type thermal level sensor
13. Expansion type thermal level sensor
14. Hydrostatic pressure method
15. Differential pressure method
16. Level measurement using resistance tapes
17. Capacitance level detection
18. Radiometric level detection
19. Ultrasonic sensors
20. Microwave time of flight method
21. Non-conducting optical level sensor
22. Optical sludge level detector
23. Light refraction type level switch
24. Level detection using fiber optics
25. Radar level transmitters
26. Laser level devices
27. Level switches

Virtual Instrumentation Based projects with Abstract

I have collected a list of projects with abstract based on virtual Instrumentation  for my reader, select the topic that you find it interesting and do a great project.

Measure And Test System Of Belt Driving Based On Labview

Abstract—For the sake of overcoming the shortcoming of the traditional belt driving system such as manual work date reading and large human errors, The belt-driven test system based on LabVIEW is developed, which is composed of mechanism, data collection device, DC PWM system, electromagnetic brake, photoelectricity velocity sensor and pressure sensor. Based on the virtual instrument technology, a humanized human-computer interface is designed. In the system, the test of various parameters including rotate speed of belt pulley, output power, Elastic slide rate ?? and drive efficiency ?? are automatically realized. Experiments explain that the system owns high realtime performance and dependability, and that it has a good application prospect.

Data Acquisition System Based On Labview For Abs Dynamic Simulation Test Stand

Abstract - Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) has become a standard configuration for vehicles. We created a virtual environment to approximate the external conditions by using ABS dynamic simulation test stand to test the performance of ABS. Measurement and analysis of the test stand are two important issues for ensuring the high quality of ABS. In this paper, an automatic measurement and examination platform based on powerful software LabVIEW is designed and implemented. LabVIEW is easy for monitoring and data acquisition. Parameters of the test stand are recorded and analyzed simultaneously by applying LabVIEW. In order to make the testers immerse in the movement environment, we created an animation interface which can supply real-time driving scene according to the running state of the test stand. The complex animation of driving scene is carried out with programming.

Pc-Based System For Level Transducer Interfacing

Abstract— Many applications rely on accurate readings from level transducers for a correct behaviour of complex systems. Large chemical and food industry plants employ large numbers of such devices which have to generate a correct behaviour and provide an accesible reading of the data. This paper presents an application for level measurement using appropiate signal conditioning and data aquisition hardware. We start by presenting the physical principles of level transducers and their classification. Signal conditioning, as an essential factor to obtaining correct readings is also highly regarded. The advantages of PC-based systems are then observed (compatibility, low-cost) along with the additional benefits brought by developing the software application in a graphical programming environment such as LabVIEW. We describe in depth the hardware system involved and the functionality of the written software. We add considerations regarding the performance of the overall system including hardware and software features. One interesting fact is that we have run the data aquistion application in an virtualized environment so we are able to make a performance-wise comparison among the virtualized and non-virtualized scenarios. The main output of the paper is the a software application for the measurement of the liquid level in a knownvolume tank, which can be easily deployed across multiple computers due to its stand-alone characteristic. It is an appropiate tool for teaching and research projects and can easily be extended for the more stringent requirements of industrial tasks, such as reliabilty and compatibility with existing industrial systems.

A Multisensor Intelligent Device For Real-Time Multiphase Flow Metering In Oil Fields

Abstract—In this paper, a new multiphase flow metering device for real-time measurement of oil, gas, and water flow rates is presented. It is composed of several electrical and acoustic sensors whose signals are digitalized and processed by a multilayer neural network. This latest uses the physical models of multiphase fluids to reduce the complexity of the parameter space while improving its accuracy. Furthermore, to overcome the uncertainties of the electrical sensors in the range of 40%–60% and above 90% water- cut (i.e., ranges where most of the multiphase flow meter fail), two rings of high- and low-frequency ultrasonic sensors are used for low and high gas fractions, respectively. The results of experiments that have been conducted in an in-house laboratory-scale multiphase flow loop show that real-time classification for up to 90% gas fraction can be achieved with less than 10% relative error.

A Laboratory Testbed For Embedded Fuzzy Control

This paper presents a novel scheme called “Laboratory Testbed for Embedded Fuzzy Control of a Real Time Nonlinear System.” The idea is based upon the fact that project-based learning motivates students to learn actively and to use their engineering skills acquired in their previous years of study. It also fosters initiative and focuses students attention on authentic realworld problems. At the same time, it enhances their learning. Students gain hands-on experience and improve their skills in product development, self-directed learning, teamwork, and project management. There has been a tremendous rise in the popularity of intelligent control techniques like fuzzy logic for use in industrial control applications in recent times. These techniques, which were primarily conceived for nonlinear control applications, are best implemented using embedded controllers, which can use their capabilities to the maximum. While courses in electrical and computer engineering cover several areas like digital and analog integrated circuits, microprocessors and control Systems, and process control, few of these integrate all these areas with focus on the application of intelligent techniques in real-time systems. Also, there is a growing need in industry for engineers who can perform software design and system integration for various applications in embedded control. This paper aims at developing such a practical task as one of the major projects in the eighth semester of the program offered by the Instrumentation and Control Engineering (ICE) Department of Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Delhi University, India, to design a real-time embedded controller implementing an intelligent control technique, fuzzy logic, for control applications. These applications might, for example, be level control, flow control, or pressure control. The paper discusses an example of a real-time pressure control system for which a microcontroller- based fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller has been simulated and implemented with satisfactory results.


Application Of Prognostic And Health Management Technology On Aircraft Fuel System

Prognostic and Health Management (PHM), which could provide the ability of fault detection (FD), fault isolation (FI) and estimation of remaining useful life (RUL), has been applied to detect and diagnose device faults and assess its health status, with aiming to enhance device reliability, safety, and reduce its maintenance costs. In this paper, taking an aircraft fuel System as an example, with virtual instrument technology and computer simulation technology, an integrated approach of signal processing method and model-based method is introduced to build the virtual simulation software of aircraft fuel PHM system for overcoming the difficulty in obtaining the failures information from the real fuel system. During the process of constructing the aircraft fuel PHM system, the first step is to analyze the fuel system failure modes and status parameters that can identify the failure modes. The main failure modes are determined as joints looseness, pipe broken, nozzle clogging, and fuel tank leakage. The status parameters are fuel pressure and fuel flow. Then, the status parameter model is constructed to imitate the behavior of sensor which detecting fuel system status. On this basis, utilizing the signal processing module provided by Labview software, the outputs from the virtual sensors, which collect the failure data, are processed to realize the simulation of failure detection and failure diagnosis. All the result shows that the virtual simulation software well accomplishes the task of the aircraft fuel system failure detection and diagnosis.

Implementation Of A Fully Automated Greenhouse Using Scada Tool Like Labview

The paper discusses the automation of a free-standing greenhouse using Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. The end product is expected to give the farmer or enduser a kiosk type approach. Entire greenhouse operation will be governed and monitored through this kiosk. This approach is fairly novel considering the unified system design

Labview Based Simulation System For The Output Characteristics Of Pv Cells And The Influence Of Internal Resistance On It

By using LabVIEW as software, a model of solar cells based on its output characteristic is built. The output characteristics of silicon solar cells and the maximum power point tracking system are simulated under different solar radiations. The influence of the internal resistance to the maximum power point and the fill factor of silicon solar cells are also simulated. The simulation results verify the nonlinear output characteristic of silicon solar cell and the system is proved to be very effective in determining the most appropriate load to stabilize the maximum power point of the cell. It is also proved by the results that the internal resistance is a key factor to the maximum power point and the fill factor of solar cells.

IRIS Recognition

Sorry Abstract not available

A Labview Based Virtual Instrument For On-Line Inductios Motor Parameters Identification

Sorry Abstract not available

PACED BREATHING CONTROLLER USING LABVIEW

Paced breathing devices are designed and used for exactly that... paced breathing. Often when a researcher is conducting an experiment that requires analyzing biological signals, the number of variables are reduced by keeping all the subject’s rate of breaths per minute (BPM) the same. Presently there exists both software and hardware that serves the purpose of this task. This project has combined both of these to build a new apparatus using the latest technology. Instead of a hardware device which is difficult to manipulate once constructed, the software package LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is used to construct this device. LabVlEW is a icon driven package which parallels actual electrical components. If the situation arises in which changes need to be made, they can be performed relatively easily assuming there is some knowledge of the software at hand. The convenience of this arises because manipulations can be made without the use of a soldering iron or any other tool with the exception of a mouse.

Labview-Based Universal Battery Monitoring And Management System

In this paper the main principles and the general structure of battery monitoring and management systems (BMS) are explained. Furthermore, a newly developed, highly accurate and inexpensive data acquisition system for BMS is presented. The modular measuring system consists of two different types of monitoring units, a battery block-voltage monitoring unit and a battery current- and temperature monitoring unit. Following the discussion of the measuring hardware, a LabView realization of a universal BMS software is described in detail. Due to the flexible design of the LabView BMS, the system is able to perform control and surveillance activities for any kind of battery application and battery technology (e.g. Pb, VRLA, NiCd, NiMH etc.). The BMS was originally designed for VRLR batteries in uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS), but was also tested in electric vehicles (VW CityStromer, BMW).

Development Of A Virtual Instrument For Data Acquisition And Analysis Of The Phonocardiogram

A medical virtual instrument has been developed to acquire and analyze the phonocardiogram (PCG), the heart sound and murmur signal. This instrument consists of a Pentium 200 computer running Windows95, equipped with LabVIEW software and a plug-in data acquisition board, and a two-channel custom designed bio-signal preamplifier. The bio-signal preamplifier allows the data acquisition board to acquire both the PCG and the electrocardiogram (ECG). LabVIEW software modules have been developed to create virtual instrument’s front panels for the following functions: to manage patient information and data files, to capture and display current ECG and heart sound signals while saving or analyzing previous acquired signals, to perform the spectral and time-frequency analysis of the heart sounds and murmurs, and to review the previous recordings. This instrument can be used to display the PCG and to analyze the individual heart sound and murmur for the detection of heart valve diseases. It can also be used to analyze the carotid bruit for the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. This study demonstrated that a LabVIEW-based medical virtual instrument provides a low-cost, reliable, and flexible solution for data acquisition and analysis of the PCG and carotid bruit.

Open-Loop Motor Speed Control With Labview

Sorry Abstract not available

Towards An Internet-Based Virtual-Wire Environment With Virtual Instrumentation

An Internet-based virtual-wire application that uses virtual instrumentation to achieve a continuous control of a closed loop control system is presented. The system acquires data from remote signal sources and publishes them via the Internet in the real-time, while enabling the remote user to send control signals from the web-browser to the server application for the control of a PID based control system. The system involves the development of the server application using LabVIEW graphical programming language and the client application, which is a Java Applet embedded to a HTML format. Problems and limitations of achieving stable continuous control of the system by the remotely licated computers are discussed. It was found that continuous control of a real time system via the Internet is possible, but a sustained virtual wire application with the current limitations of Internet technology is impossible.

Closed-Loop Position Control System Using Labview

An Internet-based virtual-wire application that uses virtual instrumentation to achieve a continuous control of a closed loop control system is presented. The system acquires data from remote signal sources and publishes them via the Internet in the real-time, while enabling the remote user to send control signals from the web-browser to the server application for the control of a PID based control system. The system involves the development of the server application using LabVIEW graphical programming language and the client application, which is a Java Applet embedded to a HTML format. Problems and limitations of achieving stable continuous control of the system by the remotely licated computers are discussed. It was found that continuous control of a real time system via the Internet is possible, but a sustained virtual wire application with the current limitations of Internet technology is impossible

A Labview Based Data Acquisition System For Vibration Monitoring And Analysis

Sorry Abstract not available

Effective Simulation Of Signals For Testing Ecg Analyzer

In this paper the solution of the specialized measuring system for electrocardiography (ECG) signal recording and introductory recognition is presented. The project aims at designing the complete PC-based Virtual Instrument as a “testing platform” for acquisition, processing, presenting, and distributing ECG data. A new design involving the latest technique in signal simulation was developed to create a controllable model of the electrocardiography signal. Then it was implemented for testing of the developed QRS detection algorithm, based on the time-frequency analysis method. The processing stage involving discrete wavelet transform was used to detect QRS complexes in the ECG signal. By using the controlled signal model and the real ones, the algorithm was shown to be advantageous in reducing ventilation artifacts and motion noise, resulting in good accuracy.

Remote Calibration Using Mobile, Multiagent Technology

Instrument calibration, though unavoidable, is extensively time and resource consuming. It often involves a distinct layer of data management and security. Since many of the available digital instruments are provided with communication interfaces, one can build a remote calibration system from the actual hardware and a computing unit with Internet connection capabilities. This paper, after showing a simple client–server architecture, discusses how the use of mobile, multiagent techniques is expected to solve most of the security issues, working as well and effectively as a traditional, agent-free client–server architecture.

Fuzzy logic control

Introduction to Fuzzy logic control

In fuzzy logic control the experience of human process operator, is incorporated in design of the controller. This logic controller provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on operates knowledge into an automatic control strategy, linguistic variables are quantities like high, medium, low, etc., fuzzy logic is multivalued logic which enhances man machine interaction. Fuzzy logic is implemented using fuzzy sets.

A set is a well defined collection of objects. A crisp set is one which identities whether the object is present in that collection or not.

The function A(x) is such that

That is the object x will either belong to set or not.

Fuzzy set is one that allows partial membership of object in that set here the degree to which a variable is member of a given set is indicated.

Let X be a set and x is an element of X. then fuzzy set A is given by

A = {A(x)/x} ; x E X

A(x) given degree of membership and has a range of 0 to 1. it indicates that the degree of membership of an element x in a fuzzy set A ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 indicates null membership. 1 indicates full membership, and intermediate values represent partial membership.

Advantages of Fuzzy logic control:

1. Relates input to output in linguistics terms; easily understood.
2. Cheaper because they are easier to design.
3. Increased robustness.
4. Can achieve less overshoot & oscillation.
5. Can achieve steady state in a shorter time interval.
6. Simplify knowledge acquisition & representation.

Disadvantages of fuzzy logic control

1. Hard to develop a model from a fuzzy system.
2. Require more fine tuning and simulation before operational.

Sensors Used in Instrumentation and Control

Ammeter - A meter to indicate electrical current. It is normally part of a DMM.

Bellows - This is a flexible volume that will expand or contract with a pressure change. This often looks like a cylinder with a large radius (typ. 2") but it is very thin (type 1/4"). It can be set up so that when pressure changes, the dis-placement of one side can be measured to determine pressure.

Bourdon tube - Widely used industrial gage to measure pressure and vacuum. It resembles a crescent moon. When the pressure inside changes the moon shape will tend to straighten out. By measuring the displacement of the tip the pressure can be measured.

Chromatographic instruments - laboratory-type instruments used to analyze chemical compounds and gases.

Inductance-coil pulse generator - transducer used to measure rotational speed. Output is pulse train.

Interferometers - These use the interference of light waves 180 degrees out of phase to determine distances.
Typical sources of the monochromatic light required are lasers.

Linear-Variable-Differential transformer (LVDT) electromechanical transducer used to measure angular or linear displacement. Output is Voltage

Manometer - liquid column gage used widely in industry to measure pressure.

Ohmmeter - meter to indicate electrical resistance.

Optical Pyrometer - device to measure temperature of an object at high temperatures by sensing the brightness of an objects surface.

Orifice Plate - widely used flowmeter to indicate fluid flow rates

Photometric Transducers - a class of transducers used to sense light, including phototubes, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photoconductors.

Piezoelectric Accelerometer - Transducer used to measure vibration. Output is emf.

Pitot Tube - Laboratory device used to measure flow.

Positive displacement Flowmeter - Variety of transducers used to measure flow. Typical output is pulse train.
Potentiometer - instrument used to measure voltage.

Pressure Transducers - A class of transducers used to measure pressure. Typical output is voltage. Operation of the transducer can be based on strain gages or other devices.

Radiation pyrometer - device to measure temperature by sensing the thermal radiation emitted from the object.

Resolver - this device is similar to an incremental encoder, except that it uses coils to generate magnetic fields. This is like a rotary transformer.

Strain Gage - Widely used to indicate torque, force, pressure, and other variables. Output is change in resistance due to strain, which can be converted into voltage.

Thermistor - Also called a resistance thermometer; an instrument used to measure temperature. Operation is based on change in resistance as a function of temperature.

Thermocouple - widely used temperature transducer based on the Seebeck effect, in which a junction of two dissimilar metals emits emf related to temperature.

Turbine Flowmeter - transducer to measure flow rate. Output is pulse train.

Venturi Tube - device used to measure flow rates.

i hope you enjoyed this post, comment me for any clarification.

Spiral bimetallic thermometer

Basic principle of Spiral bimetallic thermometer

When a bimetallic spiral fixed at one end and free at the other end is subjected to a temperature change, the free end of the bimetallic spiral deflects proportional to the change in temperature. This deflection becomes a measure of the change in temperature.

Description of Spiral bimetallic thermometer

The main parts of a spiral bimetallic thermometer are as follows:
A bimetallic spiral which is fixed at one end to the body of the instrument and free at its other end.
To the free end of the bimetallic spiral is attached to a free floating shaft.
One end of the shaft is mounted in a fraction less arrangement and its other end is connected to a pointer which sweeps over a temperature calibrated circular dial graduated in degrees of temperature.

Operation of Spiral bimetallic thermometer

When a temperature of a medium is to be measured, the bimetallic thermometer is introduced into the medium for a length ‘L’

The bimetallic spiral senses the temperature and expands resulting in a deflection at its free end.

This deflection at the free end of the bimetallic spiral rotates the free floating shaft connected to it. When the free floating shaft rotates, the pointer attached to the shaft moves to a new position on the temperature calibrated dial including the measured temperature.

Senior PLC / SCADA Engineer Wanted in UK

We are currently looking for Senior PLC / SCADA / HMI Engineers to be based in the UK (contract & permanent roles). The Senior Control Systems Engineer possesses and demonstrates a diverse set of technical skills and product knowledge. They have the ability to work on both hardware and software across various platforms. You will possess at least 3 years experience of engineering design within the Control and Instrumentation environment with ever increasing levels of responsibility.

You will be degree qualified in a related technical discipline or equivalent work experience. Ideally should also hold (or be prepared to take) an offshore medical and survival certificate. You will have proven track record in engineering, commissioning, trouble-shooting, maintaining and upgrading complex control and safety systems (PLC - Siemens, Allen Bradley, GE Fanuc, Mitsubishi; SCADA - InTouch, RSView, iFix / Fix32, WinCC; Fire & Gas and ESD). Experience in the Oil & Gas industry is preferred. Candidates must be prepared to travel to client sites (both in the UK and abroad) as required. There may be an element of offshore working with this role. Please apply for more information. Longbridge Technology is acting as a Recruitment Agency with regards to this vacancy.

Status:	Staff
Desired Skills/Experience:	Siemens S5/S7, Allen Bradley, RSLogix, Controllogix, Compactlogix, GE Fanuc, Mitsubishi, InTouch, RSView, iFix / Fix32, WinCC, WinCC Flexible, Fire & Gas, ESD, ArchestrA, Flow Metering
Minimum Experience:	3 years
Location:	UK, UNITED KINGDOM
Onshore:
Offshore:
Remuneration:	35000 - 50000 UK Pounds/year
Advert Published:	28 Oct 2011
Expiry date:	11 Nov 2011
OilCareers Ref. No.:	J595243
Work Permit Requirements:	EUROPEAN UNION (Applications will only be considered from people who are authorised to work in this location by being a national of that country or region, or by holding a valid work permit.)

The Zener Diode

Electronic Devices plays an important role in sensors and controllers which are the two eyes of instrumentation and control engineering. So i am slowly going to discuss about the important electronic devices in our blog.

Zener diode is a specially designed PN junction diode. a reverse biased, heavily doped PN junction diode which is operated in the breakdown region is known as zener diode. It is also called a voltage regulator diode or breakdown diode.

Construction of Zener Diode:

Figure 1 shows the symbol of a zener diode. it is similar to the symbol of an ordinary PN junction diode except that its bar is just turned into Z shape. Figure 2 shows a practical equivalent circuit of a zener diode. this circuit shows that a zener diode is equivalent to a battery with voltage (Vz) called zener voltage in series with a resistance (rz) called zener resistance.

Working Principle of Zener Diode:

We will see the working of zener diode as two sections like forward bias and reverse bias.

Forward bias:

Figure 3 shows the arrangement for forward bias. The positive terminal of the battery is connected to the anode (A) and the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the cathode (K). When applied voltage is zero no current flows through the zener diode. when the forward biasing voltage is increased the potential barrier is reduced and the current starts flowing in the circuit.

Reverse Bias:

Figure 4 shows the arrangement for reverse bias. The negative terminal of a battery is connected to the anode (A) and positive terminal of the battery is connected to cathode (K). the reverse bias operation is explained in VI characteristic.

V-I characteristic of zener diode.

The forward and reverse V-I characteristic shown in the figure 5. The forward current increases slowly upto the knee voltage. Beyond this voltage the current increases sharply with increase in applied voltage. Thus under forward bias condition zener diode acts like an ordinary PN junction diode.

Under reverse bias condition a small reverse current flows through the zener diode. When a reverse voltage across a zener diode is increased, a critical voltage called breakdown voltage is reached at which the reverse current increases sharply as shown by the curve PQ in the figure 5. This breakdown voltage is called zener breakdown voltage or simply zener voltage. This voltage is almost constant over the operating region. This ability of a diode is called regulating ability and is an important feature of a zener diode. It maintains an essentially a constant voltage across its terminal over a specified range of zener current values.

Vz – Zener breakdown voltage.
Iz (min) – A minimum value of zener current called break over current.
Iz (max) – A maximum value of zener current above which the zener diode may be damaged.

Zener break-down

Zener breakdown takes when both sides of the junction are very heavily doped and the depletion layer is thin. When a small reverse voltage is applied a very strong electric field is set up across the thin depletion layer. This electric field is enough to break the covalent bonds. Now extremely large number of free charge carriers are produced which constitute the zener current. This process is known as zener breakdown. In this process the junction is not damaged. The junction regains its original position when the reverse voltage is removed.

Avalanche breakdown

The avalanche breakdown takes place when both sides of the junction are lightly doped and the depletion layer is large. When the reverse bias voltage is increased, the accelerated free electron collides with the semiconductor atoms in the depletion region. Due to the collision with valence electrons, covalent bonds are broken and electron-hole pairs are generated. These new charge carriers so produced acquire energy from applied potential and in turn produced additional carriers. This forms avalanche multiplication. This avalanche multiplication causes the reverse current to increase rapidly. This leads to avalanche breakdown. Once this breakdown occurs the junction cannot regain its original position. This breakdown occurs at higher reverse voltage as shown in the figure 6.

Applications of zener diode.

• It can be used as a voltage regulator.
• It can be used as a limiter in wave shaping circuits.
• It can be used as a fixed reference voltage in transistor biasing circuits.
• It is used for meter protection against damage from accidental over voltage.
• It can be used as a fixed reference voltage in a network for calibrating voltmeters.

Please use the comments box to clarify your doubts.

Torque Equation for PMMC

This post is a continuation of my previous post on Permanent magnet moving coil instruments . This post is written since a is request made by the face book user Shivany Sweet


Torque Equation for PMMC

The equation for the delevoped torque of the PMMC can be obtained from the basic law of electromagnetic torque. The deflecting torque is given by,

                                                   Td = NBAI

Where,
Td = deflecting torque in N-m
B = flux density in air gap, Wb/m2
N = Number of turns of the coils
A = effective area of coil m2
I = current in the moving coil, amperes

Therefore, Td = GI
Where, G = NBA = constant

The controlling torque is provided by the springs and is proportional to the angular deflection of the pointer.
                                               Tc = KØ

Where,
Tc = Controlling Torque
K = Spring Constant Nm/rad or Nm/deg
Ø = angular deflection
For the final steady state position,
                        Td = Tc
Therefore GI = KØ
So,                      Ø = (G/K)I          or            I = (K/G) Ø

Thus the deflection is directly proportional to the current passing through the coil. The pointer deflection can therefore be used to measure current.

ABB wins Eskom upgrade contract - Instrumentation News

POWER and automation technology group ABB has won an order from Eskom for the provision of new equipment for the utility’s Arnot power station in Mpumalanga.

ABB yesterday said its control and instrumentation system would integrate Arnot’s water treatment plant, condensate plant regeneration, condensate polishing plant, and ammonia and sedimentation plant into one common plant network.

The scope of the project, which started this month, includes design, production engineering, factory testing, delivery, installation, commissioning, operational acceptance testing, plant documentation and training, ABB said.

The project would be implemented over 20 months, ABB said.

"ABB experts have engaged with the customer to develop operation and control philosophies for implementing on our control system. This will fully automate and allow remote central operation of the plant and provide a safer working environment for plant workers," Carlos Pone, country manager of ABB SA, said yesterday.

The need to upgrade Arnot arose because of the current manual operation with dangerous chemicals and the labour-intensive working environment where operators might be prone to errors, ABB said.

Eskom is investigating the circumstances that led to a blast in its Duvha power station earlier this year. The reasons for the accident, which has taken out 600MW from the national electricity system, are still unknown.

Eskom CE Brian Dames last month said that the unit, which was damaged in the accident, could be returned to service by next June.

ABB said it had recently completed the Kendal power station water treatment plant, which uses the same technology platform as offered for Arnot.

"ABB has an experienced engineering team with water treatment plant process knowledge and because safety is important not just for us at ABB but for our customers , we are pleased to provide automation solutions that address the plant safety issues," Mr Pone said.

This is the latest of several contracts that ABB has won from Eskom. These include a two-year contract for the expansion and replacement of high-voltage products for the transmission network in the country.

ABB said that power utilities and municipalities in Southern Africa and sub-Saharan Africa are investing in improving infrastructure to ensure reliable power supply.

E&I Engineer Wanted in UK

Our client has a strong focus on the growing deepwater subsea umbilical, riser and flowline markets in Africa, Asia Pacific, Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico as well as a leading role in the North Sea. Employing over 5,000 personnel onshore and offshore they are one of the world's leading subsea engineering and construction companies servicing the Oil & Gas industry. As E&I Engineer your main responsibilities will include: Contribute to creating a positive HSEQ culture within the company. Actively contribute to position the Offshore Resources Technical & Engineering Department as a centre of electrical engineering expertise within the company. Support Offshore Resources Marine Superintendents in identifying and proposing CAPEX related to shipboard electrical systems . Prepare detailed budgets (with the assistance of OR cost controllers) required to support the CAPEX approval process (new equipments, upgrades, conversions, refits) including engineering phase, procurement and certification, transportation, installation & commissioning. Perform concept engineering works for marine power generation and electrical distribution systems during refit projects, conversions or new buildings. Perform preliminary electrical engineering works required to support installations of new marine & construction equipments or modifications and/or improvements planned for existing equipments . Prepare detailed engineering scopes of work when required, technical specifications, participate in the sourcing of electrical engineering subcontractors & equipments manufacturers with Offshore Resources SCM Department. Manage or undertake site surveys on board vessels as required during the engineering phase . Manage commissioning activities as per the approved quality plan and set off all technical claims if required with the relevant subcontractors. Ensure proper handovers to Marine Superintendents and ship crew will be performed in an orderly and timely manner . Ensure for all new equipments delivered on board vessels that manuals, drawings, lift plans and maintenance information are part of the deliverables to be handed over to the Marine Superintendents. This is a permanent position If you feel that you are well suited to the above opportunity and would like to find out more then please contact Orion Group for more information or apply by forwarding your current CV quoting reference 77218
Status:	Staff
Required Skills/Experience:	E&I Engineer
Location:	Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM
Advert Published:	4 Sep 2011
Expiry date:	4 Oct 2011
Orion Group Ref. No.:	77218
OilCareers Ref. No.:	J560255
Work Permit: Requirements:	EUROPEAN UNION (Applications will only be considered from people who are authorised to work in this location by being a national of that country or region, or by holding a valid work permit.)

Instrumentation Ebooks in PDF File

You can download all my ebook collections related to instrumentation and control engineering with the below available links.

Instrumentation ebooks

Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation (37 MB pdf)
Instrumentation Engineers Handbook (7.14 MB pdf)
Engineering Instruments and Meters (58.22 MB pdf)
Instrument Engineer's Handbook for DURCO Quarter-turn Control Valves (1.37 MB pdf)
Instrumentation Pocket Guide (12.68 MB rar)
Introduction to Instrumentation, Sensors, and Process Control (2.72 MB pdf)
Remote Instrumentation (96.24 KB pdf)
Applied Technology and Instrumentation for Process Control (5.77 MB rar)
Basic Instrumentation Measuring Devices And Basic PID Control (1.88 MB pdf)
Field Instrumentation Technical Handbook (332 KB pdf)
Measurement And Instrumentation Principles (2.89 MB rar)
4 Biggest Mistakes In Instrumentation And How to Avoid Them (154 KB pdf)
Instrument Symbol Identifiers (525.94 KB pdf) 

Orifice Meter Ebooks

The Orifice Meter and Gas Measurement (7.69 MB pdf)
Measurement of Gas and Liquids by Orifice Meter (12.37 MB pdf)
PACs : Understanding PACs (Programmable Automation Controllers) in Industrial Automation (528 KB)
PlantWeb : Best Total Value (1.65 MB pdf)
Process Training Control System (740 KB ppt)
Process / Industrial Instruments And Controls Handbook (16.12 MB rar)
Programmable Controllers Theory and Implementation (5.29 MB pdf)
Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control (184 KB pdf)
Pressure and Temperature Handbook (76 KB pdf)
Pressure Measurement Handbook (817.39 KB pdf)
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria (641.93 KB pdf)
Production and Measurement of High Vacuum (29.74 MB pdf)
Petroleum and Gas Field Processing (3.6 MB pdf) 

PLC ebooks

PLC Basics (4 MB pdf)
PLC Glossary (92 KB pdf)
PLC Laws (32 KB pdf)
PLC Primer (252 KB pdf)
DCS or PLC? (216 KB pdf)
Programmable Logic Controllers 4th Edition (2.63 MB pdf)
Programmable Logic Controllers And Ladder Logic (570 KB pdf)
Programmable Controllers Theory and Implementation (5.29 MB pdf)
Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs (10.75 MB pdf)
Introduction to PLC Programming and Implementation - from relay logic to PLC logic (1.33 MB pdf)
PLC - based Process Control Engineering Guide (5.46 MB pdf)

SCADA

SCADA Primer (245 KB pdf)
SCADAless SCADA Using Wireless Mesh Radio Telemetry (45.05 KB pdf)
Terminology and Symbols in Control Engineering (321 KB pdf)
Theory and Practice of pH Measurement (1.74 MB pdf)
The Modern Revolution in Physics (5.29 MB pdf)

Seminar Contents for Virtual Instrumentation Topic

This Post is on behalf of the request made by sagar ranjan sahu, hemender, Mohamad Thajmal, since they have requested seminar details on the topic Virtual Instrumentation.

I have video to share with you, to know more about virutual instrumentation presented by National Instruments.

You can even download this video using youtube downloader, so that you present it in the seminar.

Complete details on Virtual Instrumentation is uploaded as a PDF file provided by www.datatranslation.com

Download it here Virtual Instrumentation

How to select a Transducer ?

In a measurement system the transducer is the input element with critical function of transforming some physical quantity to a proportional electrical signal. Selection of the appropriate transducer is therefore the first and perhaps most important step in obtaining accurate results in every instrumentation and control system. A number of elementary questions should be asked before a transducer can be selected, for example,

• What is the physical quantity to be measured?
• Which transducer principle can be used to measure this quantity?
• What accuracy is required for this measurement?

The first question can be answered by determining the type and range of the measurand. An appropriate answer to the second question requires that the input and output characteristics of the transducer be compatible with the recording or measurement system. In most cases, these two questions can be answered readily, implying that the proper transducer is selected simply by the addition of an accuracy tolerance. In practice, this is rarely possible due to the complexity of the various transducer parameters that affects the accuracy. The accuracy requirements of the total system determine the degree to which individual factors contributing to accuracy must be considered. Some of these factors are:

1. Fundamental transducer parameters: type and range of measurand, sensitivity, excitation
2. Physical conditions: mechanical and electrical connections, mounting provisions, corrosion resistance.
3. Ambient conditions: nonlinearity effects, hysteresis effects, frequency response, resolutions
4. Environmental conditions: temperature effects, acceleration, shock and vibration
5. Compatibility of the associated equipment: zero balance provisions, sensitivity tolerance, impedance matching, insulation resistance.

Categories 1 and 2 are basic electrical and mechanical characteristics of the transducer. Transducer accuracy, as an independent component, is contained in categories 3 and 4. Category 5 considers the transducer’s compatibility with its associated system equipment.

The total measurement error in a transducer-activated system may be reduced to fall within the required accuracy range by the following techniques:

1. Using in-place system calibration with corrections performed in the data reduction
2. Simultaneously monitoring the environment and correcting the data accordingly.
3. Artificially controlling the environment to minimize possible errors.

Some individual errors are predictable and can be calibrated out of the system. When the entire system is calibrated, these calibration date may then be used to correct the recorded data. Environmental errors can be corrected by data reduction if the environmental effects are recorded simultaneously with the actual data. Then the data are corrected by using the known environmental characteristics of the transducers. These two techniques can provide a significant increase in system accuracy.

Another method to improve overall system accuracy is to control artificially the environment of the transducer. If the environment of the transducer can be kept unchanged, these errors are reduced to zero. This type of control may require either physically moving the transducer to a more favorable position or providing the required isolation from the environment by heater enclosure, vibration isolation, or similar means.

Softwares Related to Instrumentation and Control Engineering

In this post, i wish to share some softwares related to Instrumentation and control. The Software that we will be discussing about are Lab View, MATLAB, Scilab, Measurement Studio and PSpice

LabVIEW:

LabView Stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench. It is mostly used for automating the usage of processing and measuring equipments in all the laboratory setup. It is used in the field of Industrial automation, Instrument control, data acquisition and more.

It runs on variety of platforms like Microsoft Windows, Unix, Linux and Apple Mac X.

Software Website:  http://www.ni.com/labview/
You can download the Student edition, if interested from here: http://www.ni.com/trylabview/

MATLAB :

MATLAB is a computing language and interactive environment for data visualization, algorithm development, data analysis and full of numeric computation. It is mostly used for image processing, communication, test and measurements, control design and much more.

MATLAB runs on Microsoft Windows and Latest Verions released on march 2010 supports Mac.

Software Website :  http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/
Trail version is also available http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/tryit.html?ref=ml_b

Scilab:

Scilab is a numerical computation package which is very important in instrumentation and control engineering. It is  also used in data analysis, signal processing, simulation of fluid dynamics and image enhancement.

It is a open source software alternative for MATLAB.

Software website : http://www.scilab.org/
It is completely free, you can download it from here http://www.scilab.org/products/scilab/download

Measurement Studio:

It is a child software from National Instruments which integrates with visual studio software, highly recommended for Visual studio .net programmers. It is compeletly designed for engineers and scientists building test, measurement, and control applications in Visual Studio 2010/2008/2005.

Software website : http://www.ni.com/mstudio/
Trail Version is available here : http://www.ni.com/mstudio/try/

PSpice :

This software is developed to run on personal computers hence the letter P is capitalized.  This software is a analog circuit and digital logic simulation software. It is used for electronic design automation.

It runs on windows os, sun workstation and Apple Mac

Download a free student version here: http://www.electronics-lab.com/downloads/schematic/013/

Seminar Topics for Instrumentation and Control Engineering

The list of seminar topics for instrumentation and control engineering are as follows. Please use the Search the box to know more about the particular seminar topic.

1. Virtual Instrumentation
2. Military Radars
3. Nanotechnological proposal of RBC
4. Fiber optic sensor and its applications
5. Robotic Sensors
6. Vibration Measurement And Monitoring System
7. Optical Coherence Tomography
8. Ultra-Wideband
9. Advances in Photovoltaic Technology
10. Data transmission and telemetry
11. Virtual retinal display (VRD) Technology
12. Mass flow measurement
13. Ultrasonic Generation & Application.
14. Passive Integration
15. Cellular Digital Packet Data (Cdpd)
16. Artificial intelligence
17. Fuzzy Logic
18. Light Source for Fiber Optics
19. Infrared Temperature Measurement
20. Fuzzy logic: Technical application in coal power plant
21. LASER in ophthalmology .
22. Finger print phenomenon of biometrics for security of vital places

Details for these topics will be given, if you contact me using the below box.